-U2> 


U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULT 

DIVISION  OE  ENTOMOLOGY     BULLETIN  NO.  40,  NEW  SERIES. 


L.  O.  IIOW'AKH.   ENTOMOLOGI8T. 


PROCEEDINGS 


FIFTEENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING 


OF   THE 


4SS0CIATI0N  OF  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


WASHINGTON": 

GOVERNMENT     PRINTING    OFFICE, 

1  903. 


DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 
L.  0.  Howard,  Entomologist. 

C.  L.  Marlatt,  Entomologist  in  charge  of  experimental  field  work. 
F.  H.  Chittenden,  Entomologist  in  charge  of  breeding  experiments. 
A.  D.  Hopkins,  Entomologist  in  charge  of  forest  insect  investigations. 
Frank  Benton,  in  charge  of  apiculture. 

"W.  D.  Hunter,  in  charge  of  cotton-boll  weevil  investigations. 

D.  W.  Coquillett,  Th.  Pergande,  Nathan  Banks,  Assistant  Entomologists. 

E.  A.  Schwarz,  C.  B.  Simpson,  Investigators. 

Miss  H.  A.  Kelly,  Special  agent  in  silk  investigations. 

R.  S.  Clifton,  F.  C.  Pratt,  August  Busck,  Otto  Heidemann,  A.   X.  Caudell, 

J.  Kotinsky,  Assistants. 
W.  E.  Hinds,  G.  H.  Harris,  H.  E.  Burke,  Temporary  field  agent*. 
Miss  L.  Sullivan,  Artist. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


United  State-  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 

Washington,  D.  ('..  March 29,  1903. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  manuscript  of  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Fifteenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Association  of 
Economic  Entomologists,  which  was  held  at  Washinsrton,  I).  C,  Decern- 
ber  26  and  27,  1902.  The  papers  presented  at  this  meeting  are  of  an 
unusually  practical  nature,  and  the  discussions  bring  out  facts  of  con- 
siderable importance.  I  therefore  recommend  the  publication  of  this 
report  of  the  Proceedings  as  Bulletin  No.  4<>  (new  series). 

The  term  "new  series."  applied  to  these  bulletins,  will  be  omitted 
after  this  number,  as  it  is  no  longer  necessary  to  distinguish  them 
from  the  bulletins  of  the  old  series,  which  included  only  33  numbers. 
Respectfully, 

L.  ( ).  Howard.  Entomologist. 
Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agricultun . 


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University  of  Florida,  George  A.  Smathers  Libraries  with  support  from  LYRASIS  and  the  Sloan  Foundation 


http://archive.org/details/proceedOOasso 


CONTENTS. 


A 


Page. 

The  Literature  of  American  Economic  Entomology E.  P.  Felt..  7 

Economic  Notes  on  the  Family  Coccinellidse I.  F.  Burgess..  25 

Distribution  of  the  Chinch  Bug  in  Minnesota F.  L.  Washburn..  32 

Observations  on  the  <  rrapevine  Root-worm  " E.  I'.  !■'■  it . .  .'!4 

A  Method  for  Mounting  Dry  Coccidse  for  Permanent  Preservation 

Herh  rt  Osborn. .  35 

Results  Obtained  with  Certain  Ensecticides a E.  /'.  Felt..  36 

Further  Notes  on  the  Lime,  Sulphur,  and  Salt  Wash  in  Maryland 

.1.  /,.  Quainiana  ..  36 

The  Lime,  Sulphur,  and  Salt  Mixture  in  Connecticut W.  E.  Britlon..  38 

Notes  on  Injurious  Insects" E.  /'.  Felt..  45 

Insects  of  the  Season  in  <  )hio Herbi  rt  Osborn. .  45 

Entomological  Notes  from  Maryland  (illustrated) 1.  L.  Quaintance..  47 

Notes  from  New  I  lamp-hire : Clan  nee  M.   Wet  d. .  50 

Applied  Entomology  in  Japan C.  L.  Marlatt..  56 

Observations  upon  the  Life  History  of  the  Codling  Moth C.  J!.  Simpson..  63 

A  Criticism  upon  Certain  Codling  Moth  Observations /'.  /,.   Washburn..  (>•"> 

Can  the  Pea  Weevil  be  Exterminated? James  Fletcher..  69 

A  Note  on  the  Oviposition  of  the  Seventeen-year  Locust  (Cicada  septendecim) 

Wm.  1!.  Alwood. .  75 

Injurious  Insects  of  the  Year  in  Canada James  Fletcher..  78 

-  mu  California  Coccidse,  Aleurodidse,  and  Scolytidae i'.  /,.  Kellogg..  83 

Plant  Environment  and  Insect  Depredations F.  Wm.  linn..  84 

j  on  Melanoplus femoratus /.  L.  Phillips..  87 

On  the  Position  of  the  Setae  of  the  San  Jose  Scale  in  Infested  Plants" 

T.  11.  Symons..  88 

evelopment  and  1  [ibernation  of  Mosquitoes.. H.  A.  Morgan  <tn<l ./.  II".  Dupret . .  88 

[nsect  Inhabitants  of  the  Stems  of  Elymus  canadensis F.  M.  Webster..  92 

oine  Insect   Notes  of  the  year F.  M.    Wt  bstt  r .  .  <C> 

litocides /.  /.'.  Smith..  96 

Distribution  of  the  Salt  Marsh  Mosquito  in  New  Jersey  <* /.  B.  Smit},..  108 

The  Periodical  Cicada  i  Cicada  septendecim  Linn.)  " ./.  11.  Smith..  108 

Vernacular  Names  of  Insects Edu  in    W.  Doran. .  L08 

Notes  on  the  Larger  Sugar-beet  Leaf-beetle  (illustrated) F.  11.  Chittenden..  Ill 

Some  Insects  recently  [njurious  to  Truck  Crops  (illustrated  |.  /•'.  //.  ChitU  nden..  113 

Report  of  the  Commit  tee  on  Resolutions 120 

o  Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere. 

5 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES. 

Page. 

Plate    I. — Japanese  insect  placard,  showing  enemy  of  rice  plant 58 

II. — Japanese  insect  placard,  showing  enemy  of  mulberry 60 

TEXT    FIGURES. 

Fig.  1.  Map  showing  distribution  of  the  chinch  bug  in  Minnesota 33 

2.  Map  showing  distribution  of  Brood  X  of  the  periodical   Cicada   in 

Maryland  in  11)02 48 

3.  Monoxia  puncticollis:  adult,  eggs,  and  larva 112 

4.  Scapteriscus  didactylus:  adult 116 

5.  Scapteriscus  abbreviatus:  adult  and  young 117 

6.  Elasmopalpus  lignosellus:  work  on  cowpea 119 

6 


1FTEENTH   ANNUAL   MEETING   OF  THE  ASSOCIATION'  OF 
ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


MORNING  SESSION,    FRIDAY,   DECEMBER  26,  1902. 

The  Association  met  in  the  natural  history  room,  third  floor,  main 
building  of  the  Columbian  University,  Washington,  D.  C.,at  LO  a.  m., 
December  26,  1902. 

The  following  were  in  attendance: 

W.  B.  Alwood,  Blacksburg,  Va.;  W.  II.  Ashmead,  Washington,  D.  C;  ('.  F.  Austin, 
Collegepark, Md. ;  II.  A-.Ballou,  Amherst,  Mass.;  Nathan  Banks,  Washington,  D.  ('.; 
II.  S.  Barber,  Washington,  D.  ('.;  Frank  Benton,  Washington,  D.  C;  J.  Chester 
Bradley,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  A.  F.  Burgess,  Columbus,  Ohio;  W.  E.  Burke,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C;  Augusl  Busck,  Washington,  D.  C;  A.  N.  Oaudell,  Washington,  D.  C; 
I).  W.  Coquillett,  Washington,  D.  C;  E..P.  Felt,  Albany,  X.  V.;  II.  T.  Fernald, 
Amherst,  Mass.;  W.  F.  Fiske,  Atlanta,  Ga.;  James  Fletcher,  Ottawa,  Canada;  '-.  II. 
Harris,  Washington,  I).  C;  Otto  Heideman,  Washington,  D.  C;  J.  S.  Hines,  Colum- 
bus, Ohio;  W.  F.  Hinds.  Washington,  D.  C;  A.  D.  Hopkins,  Washington,  I».  ('.; 
L.  0.  Howard,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  V.  L.  Kellogg,  Stanford  University,  Cal.;  J. 
Kotinsky,  Washington,  D.  ('.:  ('.  F.  Marlatt,  Washington,  D.C.;  B.  Pickman  Mann, 
Washington,  D.  C. ;  George  W.  Martin,  Nashville,  Tenn.;  Herbert  Osborn,  Colum- 
bus, Ohio;  Theodore  Pergande,  Washington,  J).  ('.;  .1.  I..  Phillips,  Blacksburg,  Va.; 
F.  C.  Pratt,  Washington,  I).  (\:  A.  L.  Quaintance,  Collegepark,  Md.;  F.  William 
Fane,  Durham,  X.  IF;  P.  H.  Roll's,  Miami,  Ida.;  W.  F.  Rumsey,  Morgantown, 
W.  Va.;  E.  A.  Schwarz,  Washington,  D.  ( '. :  ('.  B.  Simpson,  Washington,  D.  C; 
Henry  Skinner,  Philadelphia,  Fa.:  T.  B.  Symons,  Collegepark,  Md.;  Mr-.  Henrietta 
T.Walcott,  Boston,  Mass.;  F.  L.  Washburn,  St.  Anthony  Park,  Minn.;  .1.  F.  Webb, 
Washington,  D.  C;  Wesley  Webb,  Dover,  Del.:  C.  M.  Weed.  Durham,  X.  IF;  E.  V. 
Wilcox,  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  the  president,  Dr.  E.  P.  Kelt, 
who.  after  calling  Mr.  Herbert  Osborn  to  the  chair,  the  vice-president 
being  absent,  delivered  his  annual  address,  which  follow-: 


THE  LITERATURE  OF  AMERICAN  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGY. 

By  E.  I'.  Felt,  Albany,  X.   )'. 

Publication  is  undoubtedly  our  mosl  important  function,  ami  while 
discussions  of  methods  and  lines  of  research  may  modify  the  matter 
made  public,  it  seems  to  the  speaker  that  a  consideration  of  the  form 
and  method  of  publication  may  not  he  without  value.  This  subject, 
it  is  true,  has  been  mentioned  more  or  less  by  my  predecessors,  and 


was  discussed  somewhat  in  detail  by  Dr.  Forbes  in  1893  and  by  his 
successor,  Dr.  Howard,  in  1894.  The  address  of  the  former  consti- 
tutes one  of  the  most  critical  analyses  of  a  portion  of  our  literature 
and  of  methods  of  publication,  while  that  of  the  latter  is  an  exceed- 
ingly complete  record  of  what  had  then  been  published  in  economic 
entomology  in  this  country  and  abroad.  Dr.  Forbes  had  occasion  in 
L893  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  literature  of  American  eco- 
nomic entomology  was  increasing  with  great  rapidity,  and  this  has  been 
even  more  manifest  in  later  years.  Somewhat  over  10,000  newspaper 
articles  about  injurious  insects  have  been  published  since  1860,  while  a 
rough  estimate  of  the  number  of  octavo  pages  devoted  to  the  subject 
gives  as  a  total  of  nearly  50,000,  of  which  about  one-quarter  are  found 
in  bulletins  of  the  agricultural  experiment  stations,  and  were  there- 
fore published  since  1888.  It  is  impossible  to  discuss  this  literature 
in  detail  within  the  time  at  our  disposal,  and  only  a  few  of  its  more 
salient  characteristics  can  be  brought  out.  It  seems  to  the  speaker 
that  this  is  not  the  place  for  destructive  criticism,  and  the  following 
is  presented  in  hopes  that  it  may  suggest  methods  whereby  we  may 
render  our  work  of  greater  value  to  the  general  public.  It  is  also 
well  known  to  the  speaker  that  his  hearers  are  undoubtedly  obliged  to 
modify  their  publications,  more  or  less,  on  account  of  conditions  over 
which  they  have  comparative!}7  little  or  no  control. 

Dr.  Forbes,  as  a  result  of  carefully  examining  over  115  articles  in 
1893,  came  to  the  conclusion  that  economic  entomologists  were  advanc- 
ing more  as  a  bod}T  of  irregulars  than  an  organized  soldiery,  and  he 
drew  from  these  publications  the  inference  that  we  as  a  body  were 
fairly  well  satisfied  with  our  present  methods  of  investigations:  or,  if 
not,  at  least  were  not  in  a  condition  to  improve  them  at  the  time.  He 
also  failed  to  find  a  record  in  those  publications  of  any  new  method  of 
research,  either  adopted  or  proposed,  in  either  field  or  laboratory,  nor 
did  he  observe  any  noticeable  departure  from  the  stereotyped  form 
of  presentation,  and  he  concludes  that  our  methods  of  report  and  pub- 
lication of  dissemination  and  enforcement  were  lagging  far  behind  our 
methods  of  research,  and  were  receiving  far  too  little  attention.  He 
also  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  we  are  very  likely  to  forget  that 
we  are  writing  for  the  men  to  whom  entomology  is  a  perplexing. 
obscure,  and  displeasing  subject,  of  which  they  know  little  or  nothing 
good,  while  on  tin1  other  hand  they  are  frequently  experts  in  crop 
inspection,  and  far  quicker,  as  a  rule,  to  observe  injuries  to  their  crops 
than  are  we,  and  much  more  likely  to  discriminate  between  them.  He 
argues  from  this  that  crop  injury  and  its  characteristic  appearance 
should  lead  in  our  discussions  of  injurious  species,  closely  followed  b}T 
remedial  and  preventive  measures,  and  that  a  description  of  the  insect 
and  an  account  of  its  life  history  should  be  awarded  a  subordinate 
place,  especially  in  monographic  accounts,  and  calls  attention  to  the 


comparative  inefficiency  of  miscellaneous  collections  of  articles,  such 
as  comprise  the  bulk  of  most  reports  and  bulletins,  so  far  as  reaching 
the  public  is  concerned. 

The  economic  entomologist  of  America  can  not  be  charged  with  lack 
of  energy  and  thoroughness,  particularly  when  a  specie-  inflicts  enor- 
mous losses  upon  staple  crops. 

A  brief  resume  of  the  literature  reveals  the  somewhat  surprising 
fact  that  over  L,825  octavo  pages  have  been  occupied  by  various  writers 
in  discussing  the  Rocky  Mountain  locust.  The  next  insect  to  approach 
in  importance  this  very  serious  pest,  so  far  as  the  extent  of  the  liter- 
ature devoted  to  it  is  concerned,  is  the  comparatively  recently  estab- 
lished San  Jose  scale,  accounts  of  which  already  fill  1,160  pages.  This 
species  is  closely  followed  by  the  excellent  reports  and  the  exhaustive 
monograph  on  the  gypsy  moth.,  comprising  a  total  of  1,154  pages.  The 
chinch  bug  comes  next  in  importance,  if  we  may  judge  of  its  rank  by 
the  1 ,032  pages  devoted  to  a  discussion  of  it  by  various  writers;  and  this 
is  closely  followed  by  the  cotton  worm  with  908  pages,  which  i-  fre- 
quently treated  of  with  its  associate  the  bollworm,  so  that  the  two 
have  monopolized  1,328  octavo  pages.  The  codling  moth  is  one  of  our 
older  insects,  and  it  is  perhaps  not  surprising  that  887 pages  have  been 
devoted  to  a  discussion  of  its  habits  and  -the  methods  of  controlling- 
it.  while  the  Hessian  fly,  also  an  early  importation,  has  an  extensive 
literature  of  over  629  pages.  The  periodical  cicada  has  a  literature 
extending  over  647  pages,  while  1<><>  bulletins  or  separates,  comprising 
1,624  pages,  are  largely  devoted  to  discussions  of  insecticides  and  appa- 
ratus for  their  application. 

The  estimates  given  above  are  only  approximate,  and  have  been 
rigidly  limited  to  articles  appearing  in  the  more  permanent  bulletins 
and  reports,  no  account  being  taken  of  newspaper  articles.  The  entire 
literature  of  any  one  of  these  insects  must  be  much  more  extensive 
than  indicated  by  the  above  figures.  It  is  probably  impossible  to 
avoid  the  somewhat  extensive  duplication  of  work  represented  by 
these  figures,  because  the  entomologist  of  each  State  is  obliged  to  meet 
the  demands  of  his  constituents,  and  it  is  therefore  frequently  neces- 
sary to  republish  many  weli-known  facts. 

The  monographic  accounts  of  these  species  serve  a  very  useful  pur- 
pose in  showing-  how  much  then1  is  to  be  learned  concerning  each 
insect,  and  afford  worthy  models  to  inspire  the  investigator  engaged  in 
studying  the  life  histories  and  habits  of  less  known  form-. 

NEW8PAPEE    AND    BffTNOB    ARTICLES. 

An  estimate  based  on  the  bibliographies  of  American  economic 
entomology  and  a  calculation  of  the  number  of  article-  published 
between  January  1.   L900,  and   December,  1902,  give-  the  enormous 


10 

number  of  12,163  articles  issued  since  1860.  This  estimate  includes 
not  only  newspaper  articles,  but  also  most,  if  not  all,  of  the  reports 
and  bulletins  published  by  American  entomologists,  and  at  the  same 
time  it  probably  omits  a  number  of  articles  worthy  of  enumeration  in 
this  list:  Undoubtedly  some  of  the  articles  are  practically  duplications 
of  others,  and  yet,  after  making  all  due  allowance,  we  can  hardly 
admit  that  less  than  10,000  minor  articles  have  been  prepared  for  the 
public  press  by  American  entomologists  during  the  last  forty-two 
years.  This  is  an  enormous  number,  and  despite  the  fact  that  some 
consider  newspaper  entomology  as  of  little  importance,  the  speaker 
can  not  help  feeling  that  this  mass  of  literature  represents  a  very 
important  part  of  the  work  of  the  economic  entomologist.  Reports 
are  issued  for  the  public,  bulletins  are  prepared  for  the  general  dis- 
semination of  information,  but  the  man  who  wrishes  to  learn  concern- 
ing an  insect  pest  is  much  more  apt  to  read  his  agricultural  or  local 
paper  than  to  go  to  his  bookshelves  and  search  for  some  report  or 
bulletin  which  may  contain  the  desired  facts.  In  other  words,  the 
speaker  is  inclined  to  believe  that  our  newspaper  and  minor  articles 
are  much  more  generally  read  than  the  more  detailed  notices  given  in 
reports  and  bulletins,  and  on  this  account  he  considers  newspaper 
entomology  a  very  important  factor  in  developing  our  work,  and 
believes  that  all  articles  prepared  for  the  press  should  receive  careful 
attention  and  be  adapted  to  the  readers  of  the  periodical.  The  atten- 
tion of  scientific  men  is  not  infrequently  called  to  ridiculous  state- 
ments concerning  scientific  facts  in  daily  or  weekly  papers.  Such  are 
not  calculated  to  inspire  respect  for  the  publication,  and  yet  do  they 
not  indicate  an  opportunity  of  which  we  may  avail  ourselves?  They 
show  that  the  publishers  recognize  the  demand  for  scientific  informa- 
tion. The  paper  attempts  to  meet  it  in  much  the  same  way  as  it  sup- 
plies information  concerning  many  more  familiar  things.  The  reporter, 
who  is  of  value  in  working  up  the  account  of  a  railway  wreck,  may 
fail  when  he  discusses  the  life  histoiy  of  an  insect ;  and  we.  as  eco- 
nomic entomologists,  should  undertake,  so  far  as  possible,  to  supply 
this  demand  with  concise  popular  accounts,  giving  the  facts  which  the 
people  wish  to  know.  We  can  never  entirely  suppress  sensationalism, 
but  we  can  exert  a  strong  influence  toward  moderation,  and  the 
speaker  is  of  the  opinion  that  most  agricultural  journals  of  America 
have  already  come  under  its  influence,  and  as  a  rule  apply  to  repu- 
table parties  for  information,  rather  than  rely  upon  unknown  sources. 
The  work  begun  with  the  agricultural  and  horticultural  press  can  be 
gradually  extended  till  most  of  the  reputable  weekly  and  daily  publi- 
cations of  our  country  recognize  the  necessity  of  securing  accurate 
information  regarding  various  phenomena  in  natural  history,  and  insist 
upon  placing  such  before  the  public.  This  desirable  end,  however, 
will  be  brought  about  gradually,  and  will  be  liastened  in  proportion  as 


11 

we  appreciate  the  importance  of  the  subject  and  give  these  popular 
articles  the  necessary  attention.  We  can  not  expect  the  public  to 
appreciate1  the  desirability  of  accurate  information  on  this  subject  it* 
those  who  pose  as  authorities  are  content  to  give  out  inaccurate, 
undigested,  poorly  worded  articles  in  answer  to  queries.  The  agri- 
cultural and  daily  press  of  America  is  worthy  the  besl  we  can  give  it, 
and  in  proportion  as  we  meet  that  demand  will  we  be  successful  in 
extendine- the  influence  of  the  work  in  which  we  are  interested. 

REPORTS. 


Aside  from  newspaper  articles,  this  form  of  publication  has  been 
the  first  employed  in  ecomomic  entomology.  The  earliest  report  is 
that  by  Dr.  Thaddeus  William  Harris,  of  Massachusetts,  whose  classic 
writings  form  the  basis  of  all  subsequent  work  in  this  branch  of  natu- 
ral history.  There  is  no  necessity  for  the  speaker  describing  or  prais- 
ing this  work,  since  his  hearers  are  all  familiar  with  it.  and  it  suffices 
to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  Dr.  Harris's  work  is  really  a  practical 
systematic  account  of  the  more  important  species  known  at  that  time. 

The  admirable  series  of  reports  prepared  by  Dr.  Asa  Fitch,  ento- 
mologist of  the  New  York  State  Agricultural 'Society,  and  practically 
State  entomologist  of  New  York,  are  equally  well  known  and  contain 
a  mass  of  information  with  which  every  worker  in  this  branch  must 
familiarize  himself  if  he  would  succeed.  The  arrangement  of  the 
reports  by  Dr.  Fitch  is  very  different  from  that  obtaining  in  Dr. 
Harris's  treatise  and  consists  in  a  systematic  grouping  of  the  insects 
under  important  food  plants.  Dr.  Fitch  evidently  believed  in  making 
his  writings  accessible  to  those  who  were  not  entomologists  and  who 
had  no  special  interest  in  the  subject.  His  report-  form  the  beginning 
of  a  series  which  in  reality  was  continued  by  Dr.  Lintner,  though  in 
different  form,  the  hitter's  reports  being  composed  very  largely  of 
detailed  accounts  of  species  which  had  come  prominently  to  notice 
during  the  period  the  report  covered.  These  individual  accounts  an4 
almost  invariably  grouped  systematically  and  are  in  many  respects 
models  in  their  thorough,  lucid,  concise  treatment  of  injurious  species. 

The  series  of  reports  and  other  entomological  publications  by  the 
Federal  Government  was  begun  by  Townend  Glover  in  L854  and  has 
continued,  with  a  few  breaks,  in  one  form  or  another  to  the  present 
day.  The  work  of  Glover  was  seriously  hampered  and  his  reports, 
while  containing  a  mass  of  valuable  information,  were  far  from  what 
he  would  have  made  them  had  conditions  been  more  favorable.  It 
will  be  observed,  however,  that  he  evidently  planiH  d  his  work  with  the 
intention  of  ultimately  reaching  the  desired  end,  no  less  than  that  of 
giving  popular  economic  accounts  of  all  of  the  more  important  groups 
of  insects.      For  example,  his    report    for    L867   is  concerned   largely 


12 

with  the  food  habits  of  beetles,  that  of  1875  with  the  Heteroptera,  that 
of  L876  with  the  Homoptera,  and  of  1877  with  the  Hymenoptera. 

His  work  was  continued  by  the  late  Dr.  C.  V.  Riley,  of  whom  all  of 
us  know,  and  to  whose  writings  coming  generations  of  economic  ento- 
mologists must  constantly  refer.  Dr.  Riley  began  his  work  in  Mis- 
souri and  his  nine  reports  issued  there  from  1869  to  1877  have  been  char- 
acterized by  Dr.  Howard  as  forming  u  the  basis  for  the  new  economic 
entomology  of  the  world."  These  reports  are  original,  practical,  sci- 
entific, and  include  a  multitude  of  facts  and  intelligent  deductions 
which  have  had  a  potent  effect  upon  the  science.  The  work  begun  in 
Missouri  was  ably  continued  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, with  the  exception  of  an  unfortunate  break  of  two  years, 
down  to  the  untimely  death  of  this  gifted  scientist.  His  work  in  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  was  in  many  respects  a  continuation  of 
that  begun  in  Missouri,  and  the  large  amount  of  information  gathered 
and  published  is  most  remarkable.  The  reports  of  this  man  are 
largely  composed  of  independent  accounts  of  various  species  coming 
prominently  to  notice  from  year  to  year.  Dr.  Riley's  skill  with  the 
pencil  and  his  accurate  dilineation  of  insect  life  has  added  very  mate- 
rially to  his  reputation. 

The  later  work  of  the  Division  of  Entomology  has  been  continued 
by  one  with  whom  we  are  well  acquainted,  and  at  present  we  will 
leave  his  work  and  turn  to  a  consideration  of  other  reports. 

The  magnificent  series  of  volumes  on  economic  entomology  prepared 
by  the  State  entomologists  of  Illinois  contain  an  immense  amount  of 
information  and  will  ever  remain  enduring  monuments  to  their  writers. 
There  are  special  features  in  this  series  of  reports  which  arc  worthy 
of  mention.  Dr.  Le  Baron  began  in  his  third  report  his  Outlines  on 
Entomology,  which  was  continued  in  his  fourth,  and  Dr.  Thomas  in 
the  sixth  report  began  a  series  of  papers  designed  to  form  a  popular 
account  of  the  entomology  of  the  State,  particularly  of  those  species 
of  economic  importance.  His  successor,  Dr.  Forbes,  has  given  us 
several  papers  of  noteworthy  value.  His  twelfth  report  includes  a 
discussion  of  the  food  relations  of  predaceous  beetles,  and  the  appendix 
to  the  fourteenth  is  an  index  to  the  twelve  earlier  reports.  The  fif- 
teenth and  sixteenth  give  much  space  to  a  detailed  consideration  of  the 
chinch  bug.  and  the  seventeenth  contains  an  analytical  list  of  the  ento- 
mological writings  of  Le  Baron,  and  renders  his  work  more  accessible 
to  other  writers.  The  eighteenth  report  contains  an  admirable  mono- 
graph on  insects  injurious  to  Indian  corn,  and  the  nineteenth  is  devoted 
largely  to  a  monographic  account  of  the  work  with  chinch-bug  fungus, 
the  appendix  comprising  a  detailed  study  of  the  Mediterranean  flour 
moth  by  Professor  Johnson. 

The  State  entomologist  of  New  Jersey  has  issued  a  series  of  reports 
since   L890  which  contain  a  mass  of  original  observations  concerning 


13 

insects  injurious  during  the  various  years.  These  accounts  are  grouped 
under  important  food  plants  as  a  rule.  Exceptional  features  are  that 
his  report  for  1893  contains  a  brief  general  account  of  the  more  injuri- 
ous species  belonging  to  all  orders,  and  that  for  1895  an  interesting 
and  valuable  paper  on  the  Relation  of  Insects  to  Fruits.  Later  reports 
give  much  space  to  crude  petroleum  as  a  remedy  for  San  Jose*  scale. 

The  late  State  entomologist  of  Minnesota,  \h\  Otto  Lugger,  began 
a  series  of  reports  which  promised,  when  completed,  to  form  a  remark- 
able contribution  to  the  entomology  of  America.  His  second  report 
treats  of  parasite-  of  man  and  domestic  animals,  the  third  of  the  Orthop- 
tera,  the  fourth  of  Hemiptera,  the  fifth  of  Coleoptera,  the  sixth  of 
Lepidoptera,  and  it  is  stated  that  the  manuscript  treating  of  the  Dip- 
tera "  was  nearly  completed  at  the  time  of  his  death.  It  is  certain  that 
had  this  series  of  reports  been  carried  to  an  end.  America  would  have 
been  favored  with  one  of  tin4  best  genera]  works  on  practical  entomol- 
ogy which  has  yet  been  issued. 

The  reports  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Ontario,  beginning  in 
1870  and  extending  to  date,  is  a  remarkable  series  of  publications, 
replete  with  interesting  and  valuable  observations  by  many  writers 
upon  the  economic  insects  of  that  section.  These  reports,  and  those 
from  1884  to  date,  of  Dr.  James  Fletcher,  entomologist  and  botanist  of 
the  Central  Experimental  Farms,  include  most  of  our  records  con- 
cerning the  insects  of  the  northern  part  of  America,  and  are  composed 
larsrelv  of  original  observations  and  exceedingly  practical  recommen- 
dations  and  deductions  from  observed  facts. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  that  the  reports  of  various  State 
entomologists  differ  widely  one  from  the  other,  and  that  within  cer- 
tain limits  at  least  a  considerable  choice  is  admissible.  There  has 
been  of  late  years  a  marked  tendency  toward  specialization,  which  is 
perhaps  as  well  exhibited  in  the  publications  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  as  anywhere.  The  report  of  the  Entomol- 
ogist, which  was  formerly  a  contribution  of  some  200  or  300  pages, 
has  been  cut  down  and  comprises  relatively  few  pages  devoted  to 
a  general  discussion  of  conditions.  The  entomological  matter  for- 
merly appearing  in  the  report  has  been  subdivided  and  is  made  public 
either  as  special  papers  in  the  Yearbook  or  as  bulletins  treating  of 
some  special  subject,  which  may  be  either  economic  or  systematic.  It 
seems  to  the  speaker  that  generally  speaking  this  is  a  step  in  the  right 
direction.  The  general  public  is  not  interested  in  entomology  itself, 
and  will  read  bulletins  or  reports  on  the  subject  only  when  some  prac- 
tical end  i-  served.  It  must,  therefore,  be  approached  from  this  point 
of  view.     The  speaker  ha-  been   impressed   for  some  year-  with  the 

S  nee  reading  the  above  Professor  Washburn  lias  informed  us  that  he  has  failed 
to  find  any  such  manuscript,  and  if  it  ever  existed  it  has  probably  been  l"-t. 


14 

idea  thai  extended  reports  on  entomology,  while  they  contain  a  great 
deal  of  very  valuable  and  useful  matter,  do  not  appeal  to  the  public 

mind,  and  he  is  therefore  inclined  to  think  that  wherever  conditions 
will  admit  our  publications  should  be  of  a  special  rather  than  of  a 
general  character.  The  annual  report  on  entomology,  wherever  it  is 
possible  to  have  one,  is  a  very  convenient  method  of  publishing 
observations  and  other  records  which  could  not  be  properly  included 
in  a  bulletin,  and  such  reports  should  have  a  limited  circulation.  They 
are  more  for  the  economic  entomologist,  the  one  who  wishes  to  go 
back  to  original  sources  of  information,  and  do  not  appeal  to  the 
general  public. 

There  are,  however,  special  reports  on  well-defined  economic  groups, 
which  are  of  greatest  value  to  the  general  public  and  of  utmost  utility 
to  the  nation.  I  refer  in  particular  to  such  works  as  Hubbard's  Orange 
Insects,  Comstock's  Cotton  Insects,  the  reports  of  the  United  States 
Entomological  Commission  on  Rocky  Mountain  Locusts,  and  Dr.  Pack- 
ard's report  on  Insects  Injurious  to  Forest  and  Shade  Trees,  and  to  the 
monographic  report  on  the  Gips}T  Moth,  b}T  Messrs.  Forbush  and  Fer- 
nald.  These  are  the  highest  form  of  report,  and,  when  properly  pre- 
pared, constitute  an  exceedingly  valuable  record  concerning  species  of 
great  economic  importance.  Such  works  as  these  appeal  not  only  to 
the  practical  or  economic  entomologist  and  the  systematic  worker, 
but  also  to  every  man  interested  in  the  crops  or  products  affected  by 
the  insects  treated.  Such  work  as  this  adds  very  materially  to  the 
prestige  of  economic  entomology  in  America,  and  will  continue  to  do 
so  just  as  long  as  the  parties  engaged  in  such  efforts  are  well  qualified 
and  possess  the  high  ideals  governing  those  who  have  gone  before. 

BULLETINS. 

Next  to  newspaper  articles,  bulletins  appear  best  to  reach  the  popu- 
lar mind.  The  first  important  bulletin  on  economic  entomology,  so 
far  as  known  to  the  speaker,  is  No.  1  by  the  United  States  Entomologi- 
cal Commission,  which  was  issued  in  1877,  and  which  was  followed  by 
six  others,  five  being  devoted  to  popular  accounts  of  specially  injuri- 
ous insects  or  groups  of  insects,  and  the  other.  No.  6,  being  a  detailed 
index  and  supplement  to  the  classic  Missouri  reports  previously  men- 
tioned. This  latter,  therefore,  in  reality  helped  to  render  more  acces- 
sible a  mass  of  earlier  published  observations.  This  series  of  bulletins 
was  closely  followed  and  overlapped  by  a  series  begun  under  the 
authority  of  Dr.  Riley,  then  chief  of  the  Division  of  Entomology, 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  continued  through  33 
numbers.  This  earlier  scries  has  been  followed  by  a  second  series, 
which  already  includes  38  popular  and  9  technical  bulletins. 

About  4:00  entomological  bulletins  have  been  issued  in  America  by 
various  State  experiment  stations  and  other  public  officials  charged 


15 

with  the  study  of  entomology,  and  the  limited  time  prevents  their  dis- 
cussion in  detail.     These  publications,  however,  may  be   grouped  as 

follows: 

1.  Popular  brief  accounts  of  individual  insects  or  groups  of  insects 
of  economic  importance. 

2.  Monographic  accounts  of  individual  insects  or  groups  of  insects 

of  economic  importance. 

3.  Technical  bulletins. 

Therearea  number  of  advantages  and  some  disadvantages  in  the  use 
of  bulletins  as  a  medium  for  rendering  information  available.  These 
publications  are  not  so  permanent  in  character  and  unless  carefully 
bound  by  the  recipient  are  liable  to  be  lost  or  even  worn  out  by  con- 
stant use.  On  the  other  hand,  the  bulletin  usually  permits  a  much 
more  prompt  publication  than  is  possible  with  the  annual  report  and 
in  addition  allows  a  much  more  elastic  grouping  of  matter.  This  of 
itself  is  of  considerable  value,  particularly  when  publications  are  used, 
as  many  of  us  do  use  them,  to  answer  queries  in  regard  to  this  or  that 
insect.  If  we  have1  a  bulletin  treating  only  of  the  species  involved,  it 
will  usually  answer  every  question,  while  if  we  send  a  report,  which 
may  include  accounts  of  a  number  of  other  insects,  the  treatment  of 
the  one  under  consideration  may  or  may  not  be  full  enough  to  answer 
the  requirements  of  the  case;  and  an  additional  disadvantage  in  send- 
ing reports  is  that  we  may  be  obliged  to  transmit  a  mass  of  matter 
which  has  comparatively  little  or  no  interest  to  the  recipient.  The 
bulletin  is  therefore  desirable  whenever  we  wish  to  publish  promptly 
and  economically. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  define  the  scope  and  character  of  the  popular 
bulletin.  Generally  speaking,  it  should  be  brief,  concise,  and  contain 
xevy  little  more  information  than  is  uecessary  for  the  practical  fruit 
grower  or  horticulturist  who  wishes  to  control  the  species  in  question 
in  an  intelligent  manner.  This  means  that  many  details,  which  are  of 
considerable  value  to  the  systematic  student  and  the  biologist,  must  be 
rigidly  excluded.  These  brief  popular  bulletins  may.  as  previously 
mentioned,  treat  not  only  of  one  insect  but  of  an  economic  group,  and 
it  seems  to  the  speaker  that  the  latter  in  the  long  run  are  bound  to  be 
more  successful  and  beneficial.  lie  has  been  informed,  for  example, 
that  the  excellent  publication  on  Household  Insects,  Bulletin  No.  4 
(new  >eries).  Division  of  Entomology,  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  is  very  popular  and  that  the  demand  for  it  is  simply 
enormous. 

There  is  another  form  of  the  brief  popular  bulletin  which  is  exceed- 
ingly well  represented  in  the  circulars  issued  by  the  Division  of  Ento- 
mology. These,  as  we  all  know,  are  very  brief  accounts  of  individual 
species  and  are  exceedingly  useful  in  answering  queries  from  time  to 
time.      Such    circulars    are    abridged    from    fuller  accounts,  and   this 


16 

form  of  publication  has  been  used  by  a  number  of  entomologists  with 
a  greal  deal  of  success. 

Another  device  for  the  popularization  of  scientific  matter  has  been 
adopted  by  the  New  York  State  agricultural  experiment  station  at 
Geneva  and  consists  in  prefacing  every  bulletin  by avery brief  synop- 
tic account  of  its  contents,  and,  in  not  a  few  instances,  there  is  a  popu- 
lar edition  of  the  bulletin  as  well  as  an  extended  one.  This  popular 
edition  is  very  little  different  from  a  circular  treating  of  an  individual 
species  except  that  the  popular  bulletin  includes  the  same  held  as  the 
more  extended  publication,  whether  that  treats  of  a  single  insect  or  a 
group  of  insects. 

Monographic  economic  accounts  of  insects  are  exceedingly  valuable, 
and  are  absolutely  necessary  to  the  advancement  of  the  science. 
Recent  years  have  witnessed  the  issuing  of  a  number  of  noteworthy 
publications  of  this  character,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  Slinger- 
land's  account  of  the  codling  moth,  Card  and  Gillette's  studies  of  the 
same  insect,  and  other  bulletins  of  a  similar  character.  In  such  pub- 
lications as  these,  wTe  should  have  a  summary  of  all  that  is  known, 
together  with  a  mass  of  original  information.  This  work  is  absolutely 
necessary,  and  probably  the  best  method  of  making  it  public  in  the 
majority  of  cases  is  by  the  use  of  the  bulletin.  These  bulletins,  how- 
ever, must  of  necessity  be  published  at  irregular  intervals,  and  there- 
fore can  have  little  connection  one  with  the  other. 

This  scattered  method  of  publication  has  serious  disadvantages  and 
the  monographic  accounts  of  economic  groups  are  designed  to  remed}^ 
this  evil.  We  have  a  number  of  noteworthy  publications  illustrating 
this  line  of  effort,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  Forbes's  excellent 
account  of  insects  injurious  to  indiancorn,  Forbes  and  Hart's  economic 
entomology  of  the  sugar  beet,  Slingerland's  climbing  cutworms,  and 
others  of  like  character.  Such  publications  appeal  to  the  popular 
mind  because,  as  a  general  rule,  they  approach  the  subject  from  the 
aspect  of  the  practical  grower,  and  are  of  more  general  service  than 
the  detailed  monographic  accounts  of  individual  insects. 

The  technical  bulletin  is  a  publication  of  entirely  different  character 
and  is,  or  should  be,  designed  almost  solely  for  the  use  of  the  eco- 
nomic worker  and  not  for  the  general  public.  These  bulletins  are 
usually  issued  in  limited  editions  and  sent  only  to  those  who  can  use 
them  to  advantage.  They  may  be  and  frequently  are  largely  system- 
atic in  character  and  should  include  monographic  accounts  of  consid- 
erable economic  importance  on  such  subjects  as  parasites,  leaf  feeders, 
borers,  etc.  Excellent  representatives  of  these  are  seen  in  Howard's 
Study  of  Insect  Parasitism,  Marlatt's  account  of  Nematinse  of  North 
America,  Coquillett's  Revision  of  the  Tachinidse,  and  Hunter's  Aphi- 
didse  of  North  America.  Such  works  as  these,  though  frequently 
embodying  much  systematic  and  biologic  work  which  apparently  has 


17 

no  direct  bearing  upon  the  practical  aspect  of  economic  entomology, 
are  absolutely  necessary  as  a  basis  for  further  work.  These  more 
technical  studies  are  in  reality  of  equal  if  not  greater  value  In  devel- 
oping economic  entomology  than  the  more  popular  practical  accounts 
which  arc  prepared  for  the  general  public.  It  is  true  that  they  arc 
accessible  to  and  read  by  fewer  individuals,  bul  these  individuals  are 
the  parties  who  prepare  the  popular  accounts  and  make  i'v^v  use  of 
the  more  technical  matter  wherever  it  can  he  employed  to  advantage, 
so  that  in  reality  the  public  receives  full  benefit  from  any  such  pub- 
lication. 

JOURNALS. 

The  various  entomological  journals  published  from  time  to  time 
contain  more  or  less  economic  entomology, only  one  of  which  can  be 
mentioned  at  this  time.  The  economic  department  in  Entomological 
News,  conducted  by  Dr.  J .  B.  Smith,  was  instituted  a  number  of  years 
ago  by  Dr.  Skinner,  and  affords  an  opportunity  for  the  prompt  publi- 
cation of  shorter  articles  and  is  a  valuable  feature  of  the  periodical. 
There  are  three  journals  which  have  been  devoted  entirely  to  economic 
entomology.  The  Practical  Entomologist,  which  ran  through  two 
volumes,  and  the  American  Entomologist,  which  completed  three,  are 
the  only  instances  of  publications  supported  in  part  at  least  by  sub- 
scriptions which  have  been  devoted  very  largely  to  economic  ento- 
mology. The  shortness  of  their  lives  is  eloquent  of  their  lack  of 
support.  A  unique  serial,  devoted  entirely  to  economic  entomology 
and  independent  of  subscribers,  was  issued  by  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  under  the  jointeditorshipof  the  late  Dr.  Riley  andDr.  L.  O. 
Howard  and  is  well  known  to  every  worker  in  the  science  as  "  Insect 
Life."  There  is  perhaps  no  other  publication  which  contains  so  much 
original  information  concerning  entomology  within  so  limited  a  space 
as  these  seven  volumes.  The  numbers  were  issued  approximately 
monthly.  The  editor  was  the  Chief  of  tin4  Division  of  Entomology, 
and  as  he  was  supported  by  an  able  staff  of  assistants,  not  to  mention 
the  entomologists  of  the  entire  country,  there  was  nothing  in  the 
publication  which  was  not  reliable,  and  the  effect  upon  the  develop- 
ment of  the  science  was  extremely  beneficial.  It  afforded  a  ready 
medium  for  the  announcement  of  interesting  and  valuable1  discoveries 
and  received  the  hearty  support  of  every  worker  in  thescience.  The 
monthly  issue  of  the  numbers  kept  every  entomologist  informed 
regarding  the  doings  of  his  associates  and  served  as  a  general  stimulus 
to  all.  YYe  can  but  regret  that  it  was  necessary  to  discontinue  such 
an  admirable  publication,  and  while  its  loss  is  in  part  made  good  by 
the  most  excellent  series  of  bulletins  issued  by  the  Division  of  Ento- 
mology, still  there  are  features  in  the  periodica]  which  have  not  been, 
and  probably  can  never  be.  made  good  by  the  issuance  of  bulletins  at 
l>217(>— 03 2 


18 

Irregular  intervals.  This  series  of  bulletins  can  never  command  such 
a  general  support  of  working  entomologists  aa  a  publication  issued  at 

regular  intervals,  and  consequently,  with  the  discontinuance  of  Insect 
Life,  economic  entomologists  lost  a  ready  means  of  communicating 
one  with  the  other,  and  the  speaker  feels  that  the  development  of  the 
science  has  been  hindered  by  its  suppression.  A  publication  depend- 
ent upon  subscription  can  never  till  the  place  occupied  by  Insect  Life, 
since  it  must  cater  to  its  readers  and  give  considerable  space  to  well- 
known  facts,  whereas  a  publication  independent  of  subscribers  can 
follow  a  definite  plan  and  restrict  its  matter  to  that  which  is  original 
or  of  great  value  on  other  accounts. 

GENERAL   WORKS. 

There  are  several  general  works  on  economic  entomology  which  have 
been  published,  aside  from  reports  and  other  official  publications  by 
State  or  station  entomologists.  One  of  the  earliest  and  the  best  in  a 
great  man}r  respects  is  Saunders's  Insects  Injurious  to  Fruits.  The 
injurious  species  are  grouped,  according  to  the  part  injured,  under 
important  food  plants.  Each  account,  while  brief,  gives  a  resume  of 
the  more  important  facts  concerning  the  species. 

The  early  edition  of  Professor  Saunders's  work  was  closely  followed 
by  Cooke's  Injurious  Insects  of  the  Orchard,  Vineyard,  etc.,  a  work 
which  covers  the  entire  field  of  economic  entomology  in  less  than  500 
pages.  The  treatment  of  each  species  is  necessarily  brief,  and  while 
the  accounts  are  grouped  according  to  food  plants  the  systematic  posi- 
tion of  a  species  and  its  synonymy  are  indicated.  The  work  was  pre- 
pared particularly  for  the  use  of  fruit  growers  and  vineyardists  in 
California,  where  it  appears  to  have  found  its  principal  sale. 

Dr.  Weed's  Insects  and  Insecticides  (1891)  treats  of  the  more  impor- 
tant injurious  insects  and  methods  of  controlling  them  in  a  volume  of 
less  than  300  pages.  The  limited  space  made  a  rigid  selection  impera- 
tive, and  the  account  of  each  species  is  brief.  It  is  an  exceedingly 
valuable  work,  and  the  following  year  was  followed  by  Kellogg's 
Common  Injurious  Insects  of  Kansas,  which  covered  the  same  field  as 
the  preceding  work.  The  treatment  is  a  little  different,  and  a  feature 
worthy  of  special  mention  is  the  brief  diagnosis  preceding  the  account 
of  each  species.  Dr.  Smith's  Economic  Entomology  (1896)  is  a  work 
prepared  along vevy  different  lines  from  the  preceding,  and  gives  brief 
practical  accounts  of  all  the  more  important  injurious  insects  within 
the  limits  of  4(>()  octavo  pages.  The  various  accounts  are  necessarily 
limited  and  the  arrangement  is  systematic,  a  discussion  of  the  injurious 
or  beneficial  species  of  the  different  orders  being  preceded  by  a  brief 
account  of  ordinal  and  family  characteristics. 

The  same  year  The  Spraying  of  Plants,  by  Lodeman,  appeared,  and 
while  (he  scope  of  the  work  is  greater  than  that  of  entomology,  much 


19 

of  the  latter  is  included.  The  most  promineni  characteristic  of  the 
volume  is  its  great  condensation,  more  facts  being  included  within  its 
4<hi  pages  th;m  perhaps  in  any  other  volume  of  its  size. 

The  present  year  has  been  marked  by  the  appearance  of  Fumigation 
Methods,  by  Professor  Johnson,  a  monograph  of  the  application  and 
uses  of  hydrocyanic  acid  gas,  and  by  the  publication  of  Sanderson's 
Insects  Injurious  to  Staple  Crops,  which  latter  is  prepared  on  some- 
what similar  lines  to  Saunders's  Insects  Injurious  to  Fruits  and  covers 
its  field  more  fully  than  has  hitherto  been  done. 

INDEXES. 

The  literature  of  American  economic  entomology  lias  become  so 
extended  that  detailed  indexes  are  an  absolute  necessity:  otherwise 
many  valuable  records  are  lost,  so  far  as  the  busy  worker  is  concerned. 
The  first  general  index 'published  was  that  to  Riley's  nine  Missouri 
reports,  and  in  many  respects  it  is  a  model  publication.  It  is  not  only- 
very  detailed,  but  every  insect  is  indexed  by  its  specific  as  well  as  its 
generic  name,  something  which  the  speaker  is  inclined  to  think  of  great 
importance.  The  many  changes  in  nomenclature  make  it  very  difficult 
for  a  person  to  keep  up  with  them,  and  the  index  which  lists  a  species 
by  its  specific  as  well  as  generic  name  aids  materially  in  this  respect. 
This  publication  is  perhaps  open  to  one  criticism,  in  its  having  separate 
indexes  for  plants  and  insects.  This  is  to  some  extent  a  matter  of 
taste,  and  yet  the  speaker  is  inclined  to  believe  that  the  general  index. 
including  all  references,  is  superior,  since  no  question  can  arise  as  to 
which  index  is  before  the  seeker  for  information.  This  is  something 
which  used  to  trouble  my  distinguished  predecessor  not  a  little  and  my 
hearers  are  probably  aware  that  all  the  later  indexes  prepared  under 
his  direction  have  included  every  reference. 

The  next  general  index  to  appear  was  that  by  Professor  Forbes  of 
the  first  twelve  reports  of  the  State  entomologists  of  Illinois.  This  is 
prepared  on  very  nearly  the  same  lines  as  that  to  Riley's  Missouri 
reports,  and  is  also  open  to  the  criticism  of  having  separate  indexes 
for  plants  and  insects.  It  is,  however,  admirably  gotten  up  and  has 
proven  of  great  value  to  working  entomologists,  since  it  renders  more 
accessible  the  vast  amount  of  information  recorded  in  these  reports. 

Neither  of  these  general  indexes,  or  the  later  one  prepared  by  Dr. 
Lintner,  have  aided  in  making  accessible  tin1  vast  amount  of  informa- 
tion annually  published  in  newspapers,  bulletins,  reports,  or  other 
publications  by  the  economic  entomologists  of  America.  This  litera- 
ture is  widely  scattered,  and  the  preparation  by  Mr.  Henshaw  of  a 
bibliography  of  the  more  important  writings  of  Messrs.  Walsh  and 
Riley  made  way  for  general  indexes  to  the  publications  of  other  Amer- 
ican writers  on  economic  entomology.  My  hearers  are  all  familiar 
with  the  admirable  series  of  bibliographies  prepared  under  the  auspices 


20 

of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Division  of  Entomol- 
ogy .  which  have  rendered  this  vast  literature  accessible  to  economic 
workers.  It  is  only  a  question  now  of  consulting  a  few  indexes,  and 
the  average  worker,  if  he  has  an  adequate  library  at  his  command,  can 
easily  learn  what  lias  been  recorded  concerning  injurious  species  under 
consideration.  If  one  were  to  criticise  these  publications  at  all,  it 
might  be  allowable  to  suggest  that  the  indexes  be  made  a  little  more 
detailed,  particularly  in  the  later  publications.  The  addition  of  refer- 
ences to  specific  as  well  as  generic  names  and  to  food-habit  records 
would  materially  increase  the  value  of  the  volume  without  greatly 
extending  its  limits. 

The  general  index  to  that  magnificent  series  of  volumes  known  as 
"Insect  Life"  has  proven  an  invaluable  publication  to  almost  every 
economic  worker,  and  our  hope  is  that  in  the  future  we  will  see  more 
such  aids  to  research. 

Indexing  is  to  some  extent  a  thankless  task,  and  yet  a  very  necessary 
one  if  we  would  keep  abreast  of  the  times.  The  value  of  the  index 
lies  not  in  its  length,  but  in  its  usefulness,  and  the  speaker  has  always 
felt  that  it  was  by  all  means  advisable  to  index  all  important  references, 
at  least,  under  several  names,  wherever  that  could  be  done  with  pro- 
priety. No  two  men  think  alike,  and  an  index  should  be  made  for  the 
use  of  all.  Some  approach  a  subject  from  one  side,  others  from 
another,  and  unless  the  index  is  general  enough  to  include  all  it  is 
liable  to  be  comparatively  useless  to  a  great  many.  The  speaker  is  of 
the  opinion  that  the  general  index  should  include,  as  previously  stated, 
references  to  generic,  to  specific  and  common  names,  to  food  plants; 
and  every  index  of  a  series  of  volumes  should  also  include  illustra- 
tions, preferably  under  a  general  title,  such  as  figures,  because  it 
sometimes  occurs  that  a  worker  is  searching  for  a  good  illustration, 
and  if  by  turning  to  a  few  general  indexes  and  looking  under  figures 
he  can  find  where  all  such  have  been  published  it  is  an  immense  aid. 

It  is  impossible  to  lay  down  any  fixed  rule  as  to  what  references 
shall  and  what  shall  not  be  included  in  an  index.  This  depends  some- 
what upon  the  character  of  the  work.  In  general,  the  speaker 
believes  that  every  isolated  fact  not  specifically  included  in  the  title 
of  the  publication  should  appear  in  some  form  in  the  index,  if  the 
object  of  the  index  is  to  make  accessible  the  contents  of  the  volume. 
The  speaker  is  gratified  to  observe  that  some  of  our  more  recent  bul- 
let ins  are  being  indexed,  and  while  there  are  undoubtedly  publications 
of  this  character  where  an  index  is  superfluous,  in  a  great  many 
instances  it  is  of  decided  value  and  should  be  incorporated  wherever 
circumstances  permit. 

A  table  of  contents  is  also  of  much  value  and  adds  considerably  to 
the  completeness  of  any  publication.  It  need  not  be  an  extended  one 
unless    the   work    requires    it,    because  a    very   brief   summary  may 


21 

include  everything  that  is  desirable.  It  is  not  necessary  to  devote  an 
entire  page  to  the  table  of  contents  and  the  speaker  can  not  but  com- 
mend to  his  hearers  the  plan  of  the  university  of  the  State  of  New 
York  of  placing  on  the  cover  page  of  its  bulletins  a  brief  summary  of 
the  contents.  It  requires  little  space,  is  conspicuous,  and  usually 
meets  every  requirement. 

The  above  discussion  of  the  various  forms  of  publications  and  the 
purposes  which  they  serve  has  been  entered  into  because  the  subject  is 
one  of  prime  importance,  and  while  undoubtedly  each  of  us  has  given 
the  matter  consideration  before,  it  may  be  that  a  joint  discussion  will 
bring  out  facts  of  value.  The  speaker  recognizes  the  limitation 
imposed  upon  various  entomologists  and  is  well  aware  that  it  is  not 
always  practicable  to  choose  between  different  forms  of  publication. 
Each  institution  usually  has  certain  methods  which  have  become  estab- 
lished through  years  of  usage  and  there  is  more  or  less  difficulty  in 
securing  a  change.  The  advantage  of  discussing  the  matter  on  this 
occasion  is  that  whenever  a  change  is  possible  we  may  know  how  to 
use  it  to  the  best  advantage.  The  ideal  scheme  of  publication,  it  seems 
to  the  speaker  is  about  as  follows: 

1.  Newspaper  articles. 

'2.   Brief  popular  circulars. 

8.  A  little  more  extended  but  brief  popular  bulletins,  treating  of 
economic  insects  or  groups  of  insects. 

4.  Monographic  popular  accounts  of  economic  insect-  or  groups  of 
the  same. 

It  seems  to  the  speaker  that  if  the  science  is  to  be  advanced  in  the 
future  more  attention  should  be  paid  to  monographic  accounts  of 
economic  groups.  These  should  be  extended  enough  to  include  most 
of  the  forms  of  importance,  and  at  the  same  time  give  reference-  t<> 
more  detailed  accounts  of  each  species  or  group  of  species,  so  that  the 
student  more  deep!}'  interested  in  the  subject  can  continue  his  studies 
further. 

5.  Reports  containing  records  of  activity  and  such  other  matter  as 
can  not  be  conveniently  grouped  in  a  bulletin  or  special  treatise. 

6.  Technical  bulletins  or  systematic  accounts  of  natural  groups  of 
greater  or  less  importance. 

We  all  recognize  the  fact  that  systematic  and  economic  entomology 
can  not  be  separated  one  from  the  other.  They  are  joined  together 
by  bonds  which  no  man  can  sever.  Many  of  the  groups  of  insects  are 
of  considerable  economic  importance, and  tin4  speaker  isof  tin'  opinion 
that  he  who  will  work  out  a  synopsis  of  any  such  group  is  doing  much 
to  advance  the  science  of  economic  entomology.  We  are  to-day 
hampered  by  the  fact  that  it  is  extremely  difficult  for  the  beginner  t<> 
recognize  injurious  species,  or  for  the  one  more  advanced  to  determine 
many  forms  which  mav  be  brought  to  his  notice  on  account  of  unusual 


22 

depredations.  This  difficulty  can  not  be  overcome  till  every  group 
having  any  economic  importance  has  been  carefully  treated  in  a  sys- 
tematic way,  and  if  this  account  also  includes  a  brief  general  discussion 
of  the  economic  importance  of  the  groups,  subgroups,  and  possibly 
even  genera  and  species,  together  with  references  to  the  more  impor- 
tant literature  treating  of  each,  we  have  at  our  command  a  series  of 
works  which  would  be  of  the  greatest  value  to  all  subsequent  students 
of  economic  entomology.  Such  works  as  these  would  necessarily  be 
very  concise,  and  yet,  if  properly  arranged  and  with  well-selected 
references,  would  prove  of  utmost  value  not  only  to  sj^stematic,  but  to 
economic  workers,  and  Avould  also  be  exceedingly  helpful  to  all  having 
even  a  general  interest  in  the  groups  treated.  Dr.  Lugger's  reports 
are  an  approach  to  this  ideal,  but  it  seems  to  the  speaker  that  such 
accounts  might  well  be  more  detailed  and  should  include,  as  nearly  as 
possible,  every  species  in  the  fauna;  and  that  the  value  of  such  treat- 
ment would  be  immensely  increased  by  the  addition  of  bibliographic 
references  as  mentioned  above. 

Reference  has  been  made  to  the  close  analytical  study  of  our  eco- 
nomic publications  by  Dr.  Forbes,  and  the  speaker  can  do  no  better 
than  bring  his  remarks  to  a  close  by  quoting  this  talented  scientist,  as 
follows : 

It  is  not  the  wealth  one  gathers,  but  that  which  he  puts  to  use,  which  makes  him 
rich.  It  is  not  the  knowledge  we  acquire,  but  what  we  succeed  in  making  applica- 
tion of,  which  makes  us  wise.  It  is  not  the  facts  of  entomology  we  discover,  but 
those  which  we  persuade  the  farmer,  the  gardener,  or  the  fruit-grower  to  use 
diligently  for  the  protection  or  the  preservation  of  his  crops,  which  make  our  ento- 
mology economic.  To  discover  without  publishing  effectually  is  to  waste  our  time 
as  servants  of  the  public.  To  publish  valuable  results  without  making  sure  of  their 
appreciation  and  appropriation  by  our  constituents,  is  to  fail  of  real  usefulness  and 
the  reward  of  usefulness.  To  bring  a  result  to  bear  on  the  practice  of  one  man  only 
when  a  thousand  are  suffering  for  the  want  of  it,  is  to  fail  in  99.9  per  cent  of  our 
proper  undertaking.  We  must  first  do  exact,  exhaustive,  conclusive,  practical 
economic  work,  and  then  we  must  find  means  to  get  that  work  utilized  or  it  is  an 
economic  dead  loss. 


The  address  was  listened  to  with  much  interest,  and,  on  motion  of 
Dr.  Howard,  a  vote  of  thanks  was  tendered  to  Mr.  Felt.  The  discus- 
sion of  the  address  was  postponed  until  the  afternoon  session,  but  is 
here  inserted  in  connection  with  the  address. 

Mr.  Washburn  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  Mr.  Felt  had  referred 
to  some  notes  on  Diptera,  which  he  thought  possibly  were  left  in  Pro- 
fessor Lugger's  possession.  A  careful  search  for  these  notes  had  been 
made  by-  Mr.  Washburn,  but  none  were  found.  A  year  had  elapsed 
between  Dr.  Lugger's  death  and  the  time  of  his  taking  charge  of  the 
work  in  Minnesota,  and  during  that  period  things  were  in  a  rather 
chaotic  condition. 


23 

Mr.  Banks  remarked  that  he  would  like  the  members  to  express 
their  opinion  as  to  what  they  considered  desirable  in  the  way  of  indices. 
He  stated  that  it  was  difficult  to  obtain  all  the  references  in  news- 
papers, and  thought  that  those  published  by  agricultural  weeklies  were 
hardly  worth  the  trouble  of  indexing. 

Mr.  Osborn  stated  that  lie  thought  this  to  be  a  very  important  part 
of  entomological  literature  for  the  practical  farmer  and  horticulturist. 
Many  of  these  men  do  not  get  the  publications  from  the  experiment 
stations  and  they  depend  upon  these  agricultural  articles.  While  it 
seemed  a  very  thankless  sort  of  task,  he  thought  that  an  entomologist 
should  be  willing  to  attend  to  this  feature  of  the  work  for  the  benefit 
of  the  class  of  persons  mentioned.  Mr.  Osborn  further  remarked  that 
he  had  sometimes  found  himself  looking  in  a  plant  index  for  an  insect's 
name,  but  had  usually  discovered  his  error  in  a  very  short  time. 

Mr.  Felt  spoke  of  the  annoyance  which  he  experienced  in  referring 
to  separate  indices,  such  as  is  found  in  the  Entomologists*  Monthly 
Magazine,  which  has  a  number  of  special  indices;  and.  while  he  did 
not  know  the  experience  of  other  entomologists  in  regard  to  this 
point,  in  his  own  experience  he  had  found  the  food-plant  index  inval- 
uable. 

Mr.  Banks  stated  that  at  the  present  time  a  great  many  genera  had 
been  duplicated  in  botany  and  zoology,  and  it  was  sometimes  difficult 
to  tell  whether  a  plant  or  an  insect  was  referred  to. 

Mr.  Felt  replied  that  he  thought  the  name  of  the  plant  in  connec- 
tion with  the  insect  affecting  it  is  very  easily  indicated  and  he  thought 
there  was  very  little  reason  for  separating  the  plant  and  insect  indices. 

Mr.  Hopkins  stated  that  his  experience  had  been  similar  to  Mr. 
Felt's  in  looking  up  references.  It  is  somewhat  confusing  to  turn  to 
two  indices,  and  he  thought  the  suggestion  by  the  president  was  in 
harmony  with  progress  in  this  line.  In  his  opinion,  the  host-plant 
index  should  be  included  with  the  other,  and  he  urged  the  importance 
of  both  the  common  and  the  scientific  names  of  host  plants  in  the  index. 
The  trouble  suggested  by  Mr.  Banks  could  be  avoided  by  using  com- 
mon names.  By  using  the  most  popular  common  name,  followed  by 
the  scientific  name,  it  would  be  at  once  apparent  which  species  W2LS 
referred  to. 

Mr.  Hopkins  further  remarked  that  in  reference  to  indexing  news- 
paper articles  it  seemed  a  waste  of  time.  If  it  is  some  well-known 
agricultural  journal,  like  the  Country  Gentleman  or  some  of  those 
papers  of  which  permanent  tiles  are  kepi  and  good  indices  made,  it 
might  be  worth  while;  but  many  of  our  agricultural  paper-,  as  well 
as  newspapers,  have  no  index,  and  a  tile  of  the  paper  is  not  kept.  lie 
did  not  consider  it  of  much  use  to  refer  to  these,  from  the  fact  that 
the  reference  could  not  be  looked  up.  Furthermore,  mosl  of  these 
newspaper  articles  are  simply  summaries  of  what  has  already  been 
published  elsewhere. 


24 

Mr.  Ivotinskv  thought  that  the  only  objection  thus  far  made  to  the 
separation  of  the  plant  index  from  that  of  the  insect  index  is  that  one 
constantly  discovers  himself  looking  in  the  wrong  place.  He  thought 
(hat  use  might  be  made  of  Mr.  Felt's  suggestion  of  heading  the  respec- 
tive pages  with  the  words  "plant  index  "  or  "insect  index"  as  the 
case  might  be.  He  thought  the  plant  index  should  be  made  particu- 
larly with  reference  to  the  idea  of  indicating  the  food  plants  of  the 
insects  and  thought  use  should  be  made  of  Mr.  Schwarz's  suggestion 
of  not  making  an  index  simply  of  names,  but  an  index  of  information 
that  would  be  found  in  the  publications  cited.  If  the  plant  index  be 
used  to  indicate  the  food  plants  of  insects  and  at  the  same  time 
measures  be  taken  to  avoid  confusing  plant  and  insect  names  as  Mr. 
Banks  had  found  himself  doing,  he  thought  a  considerable  advance 
would  have  been  made. 

Mr.  Felt  remarked  that  in  making  an  index  the  work  should  be  con- 
sidered not  only  from  the  standpoint  of  the  specialist,  who  is  looking 
perhaps  for  some  particular  record,  but  from  the  standpoint  of  all 
who  may  have  occasion  to  use  that  index.  Generally  speaking,  he  was 
inclined  to  think  that  an  entomologist  would  hardly  use  and  incor- 
porate the  name  of  an  insect  in  his  report  without  accompan}Ting  it 
with  some  fact  which  would  probably  be  useful  to  some  person,  and 
while  Mr.  Schwarz's  criticism  of  indices  of  Dr.  Lintner's  report  might 
be  true,  he  did  not  think  that  it  would  apply  in  all  cases.  Mr.  Felt 
stated  that  he  had  modified  the  method  of  making  indices  somewhat  in 
later  years,  and  had  omitted  indexing  some  matter  which  Mr.  Schwarz 
would  probably  be  very  glad  to  have  left  out;  and  }^et,  as  a  matter  of 
fact,  he  thought  these  minor  references  might  have  been  of  some 
service  to  others.  Mr.  Felt  spoke  further  on  a  little  device  which  he 
had  used  in  his  indices,  namely,  the  inclusive  reference.  He  con- 
sidered it  a  serious  mistake  to  index  a  name,  say  of  the  Hessian  Fly, 
wherever  it  occurred  in  a  publication  without  giving  any  idea  what- 
ever as  to  the  character  of  the  reference,  particularly  where  there 
was  a  detailed  account.  He  thought  that  if  the  inclusive  reference 
was  used,  giving  a  little  synopsis,  a  much  more  serviceable  index  was 
secured,  and  then  it  was  easy  to  distinguish  between  extended  notices 
and  mere  references. 

Mr.  Howard  referred  to  the  indices  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Entomological  Society  of  Washington,  prepared  by  Mr.  Schwarz,  and 
considered  them  perfect  models  of  short  indices. 

Mr.  Banks  queried  whether  recent  nomenclature  should  be  used  in 
index  work  or  the  nomenclature  well  known  to  entomologists. 

Mr.  Felt  remarked  that  he  had  considered  incorporating  something 
about  this  matter  in  his  address,  but  thought  it  might  prolong  it 
unduly. 


25 

The  report  of  the  secretary  and  treasurer  was  read  and  referred  to 
an  auditing  committee  appointed  by  the  Chair,  as  follows:  Dr.  Henry 
Skinner  and  Mr.  E.  A.  Schwarz. 

The  following  names  were  proposed  for  membership  by  Mr.  How- 
ard: August  Husck,  J.  Kotinsky,  Otto  Heideman,  R.  P.  Currie,  II.  Gr. 
Dyar,  W.  E.  Hinds.  (J.  II.  Harris,  II.  G.  Barber,  II.  E.  Burke,  and 
J.  L.  Webb.  Mr.  Quaintance  proposed  for  active  membership  Messrs. 
R.  I.  Smith  and  T.  B.  Symons,  of  the  Maryland  Agricultural  College. 
Professor  Webster  proposed  for  foreign  membership  the  name  of 
Mr.  Joseph  Jablonowski,  of  the  Entomological  Station.  Budapest, 
Hungary. 

Mr.  Marlatt  inquired  if  election  was  necessary  in  the  case  of  those 
qualified  by  their  official  position. 

Mr.  Felt  thought  that  according  to  the  constitution  it  was  not,  and 
that  the  only  question  was  should  a  committee  determine  whether 
their  positions  qualified  them  for  membership. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Osborn,  a  committee  consisting  of  Messrs.  Osborn, 
Quaintance,  and  Banks  was  appointed  by  the  chair  to  consider  the 
names  which  had  been  presented  for  membership  and  any  others  that 
might  be  proposed  during  the  sessions. 

Mr.  Marlatt  moved  that  the  chair  appoint  a  programme  committee 
to  arrange  a  programme  for  succeeding  meetings,  which  was  duly 
carried.     The  chair  named  Messrs.  Marlatt.  Fernald,  and  Burgess. 

Mr.  Howard  moved  that  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  on 
resolutions,  which  was  carried,  and  Messrs.  Washburn,  Busck,  and 
Rumsey  were  named  by  the  chair. 

A  paper  was  next  presented  by  Mr.  A.  F.  Burgess,  as  follows: 


ECONOMIC  NOTES  ON  THE  FAMILY  COCCINELLIDiE. 
By  A.  F.  Burgess,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Several  years  ago  while  located  at  Maiden.  Mass..  I  became  inter- 
ested in  the  study  of  the  food  habits  of  this  family  of  beetles.  Con- 
siderable data  was  collected  at  that  time,  and  since  some  additional 
notes  have  been  obtained;  and  it  seems  desirable  to  place  the  facts  on 
record,  as  they  may  serve  as  an  aid  to  some  future  investigator  of  this 
subject. 

Many  of  these  beetles  hibernate  during  the  winter  in  the  adult 
stage.  In  Massachusetts  it  often  happens  that  the  most  common 
ladybird.  Adalia  Mpunctata^  hibernates  in  dwellings,  and  sometimes 
appears  during  midwinter  in  rooms  which  are  heated,  usually  to  the 
disgust  of  the  housewife,  who.  not  recognizing  the  friendly  character 
of  her  guest,  immediately  wages  a  war  of  extermination. 


26 

The  following  species  have  been  captured  on  dates  which  indicate 
thai  they  hibernate  as  adults: 

Megilla  maculata  DeG. — Several  hundred  examples  taken  March  31,  1900,  at 
Urbana,  111.     It  La  a  common  species  in  that  locality. 

Hippodamia  glaeialia  Fab. — Taken  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  November  4,  1897. 

Hippodamia  parenthesis  Say. — Taken  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  November  4,  1897.  Taken 
at  rrbana,'  111.,  April  5,  1900. 

Coccinella  trifasciata  Linn. — Taken  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  April  13,  1898. 

Coccinella  9-notata  Bbsl.—  Taken  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  April  12,  1898. 

Coccinella  sanguinea  Linn. — Taken  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  May  1, 1898.  Taken  at  Urbana, 
111.,  April  15,  1900. 

Adalia  bipunctata  Linn. — The  most  common  species  in  eastern  Massachusetts  occurs 
under  loose  bark  of  trees  and  in  sheltered  places  during  the  winter. 

Harmonia  picta  Land. — Taken  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  May  1,  1898. 

Mysia  pullata  Say.— Taken  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  May  2,  1898. 

Anatis  15-pimotata  Oliv. — Taken  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  January  12  and  April  10,  1898. 

Cldlocorus  bivulnerus  Muls. — Taken  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  April  13,  1898.  Taken  at 
Urbana,  111.,  April  26,  1900. 

Pentilia  misella  Lee. — Taken  at  Lakeside,  Ohio,  October  27,  1900.  Large  colonies 
were  found  under  cloth  bands,  which  had  been  tied  around  the  trunks  of  plum 
trees  infested  with  San  Jose  scale.     There  were  thousands  of  beetles  in  this  orchard. 

Brachyacantha  ursina  Fetb. — Taken  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  May  5,  1898. 

Hyjjeraspis  signata  Oliv. — Taken  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  May  1,  1898. 

Of  the  14  species  above  listed,  Megilla  maculata  and  Adalia  bipunc- 
tata  were  the  only  ones  which  were  found  during  the  winter  in  colo- 
nies. In  most  cases  isolated  beetles  remain  during  the  winter  under 
the  loose  bark  of  trees  or  under  leaves  or  rubbish,  and  come  forth  on 
the  first  warm  days  in  spring  to  search  for  food. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  1898  they  were  first  found  feeding  upon 
plant-lice  eggs.  These  eggs  do  not  hatch  until  several  days  after  the 
beetles  appear;  hence  this  habit  of  the  beetles  serves  to  reduce  the 
number  of  lice  considerably. 

April  13,  1898,  many  specimens  of  Adalia  bipunctata  were  found 
feeding  on  the  eggs  of  an  aphid,  which  was  particularly  abundant  on 
the  white  birch  at  Maiden.  A  few  days  later  Anatis  15-punctata, 
Coccinella  sanguinea,  C.  9-notata,  and  Chilocorus  hivulm  rus,  as  well  as 
Adaliahvpunctata  and  its  variety,  humeralis,  were  found  busily  engaged 
in  feeding  on  the  aphid  eggs.  Thousands  of  specimens  of  Adalia  were 
present,  and  large  numbers  of  Anatis,  the  other  species  occurring  in 
moderate  quantities.  Three  days  later  both  Adalia  and  Anatis  were 
found  mating,  and  an  egg-cluster  of  the  former  species  was  also 
discovered. 

The  aphid  eggs  were  found  hatching  April  18,  the  young  lice  at 
once  proceeding  to  the  leaf  buds,  which  were  just  beginning  to  burst 
open.  The  development  of  foliage  was  considerably  retarded  by  the 
cold  and  wet  weather  which  characterized  the  spring  of  1898. 

Larva1  of  Adalia  were  found  May  1.  At  this  time  an  excellent 
opportunity  was  offered  to  observe  the  interrelations  between  several 


27 

species  of  insects.  The  ladybirds  in  both  adult  and  larval  stages  fed 
greedily  on  the  eggs  of  the  plant-lice  and  the  young  lice  a>  soon  a>  they 
batched.  Accompanying  the  beetles  was  also  noted  several  species  of 
predaceous  bugs,  the  most  common  one  being  Podisus  serieventris. 
Although  this  species  was  occasionally  found  feeding  on  the  plant-lice, 
it  was  continually  observed  preying  upon  the  ladybirds  in  all  their 
stages.  The  particular  species  upon  which  it  was  taken  in  the  act  of 
feeding  were  Adalia  Mpunctata  in  the  egg.  larval,  and  adult  stages; 
CocdneUa  trtfasciata,  and  Ghilocorus  biwdnerus.  Four  specimen-  of 
Podi$U88i  rit  Vt  ntris  were  once  observed  feeding  on  a  single  adult  „  [.dalia 
hipunctata. 

It  is  a  well-known  facl  that  many  species  of  insects  will  become  can- 
nibals if  kept  in  confinement  with  insufficient  food,  but  Adalia  bvpunc- 
tata  has  been  observed  repeatedly  in  the  woods  feeding  upon  the  eggs 
of  its  own  species  when  plenty  of  other  food  was  available  and  within 
easy  reach. 

By  the  last  part  of  July  scarcely  a  plant-louse  or  a  ladybird  could 
be  found  in  the  locality  where  they  had  both  been  so  abundant. 

Several  species  of  Coccinellidse  were  bred  in  confinement,  and  the 
following  table  gives  their  egg-laying  record-.  A  pair  of  beetles  was 
placed  in  each  jar  with  food,  and  the  record  was  continued  until  the 
female  died: 


Egg-layiug  records  of  sm ,-<il  species  of  ladybirds. 

[The  asterisk  (*)  indicates  the  date  on  which  the  experiment  was  begun.] 


Date. 

Adalia  bipunc-      A.  bipunctata, 

tata.                 var.  humeralis. 

Cocci-           Cocci-            Cocci- 
Anatis  15-punetata.      nella  Ban-     nella  9-      nella  tri- 
guinea.       notata.       faseiata. 

April    C» 

8 

* 
9* 

* 
29 
15 



11 

13 

* 

17 

29 

27 

* 





* 

18 

19 

9 

20 

14 

22 

13 

20 

:::::::::: ::::::::::: ::::::::::: 

23 

""8 

2 

B. 

_'l 

::::;::::::::::.::: ::::::::: : 

28 

9 

9 

May    i 

13 



14 



* 

12 

17 

* 

8 



- 

9 

1") 

10 

6 

12     

* 

11 

12 

12 

13 
20 

12 
20 

9 

21 

13 

6 

ij 

1  1 

17 

16 

6 

21 

Is 

Is 

27 
1 
•"» 
8 

4 

1 
10 

20 

19 

11 

9 

20 

11 

21 

s 
■J 

1 

is 

22 

23 

12 

24 

* 
10 
19 

27 

29 

30 

23 

:;:; 

June    2 

28 


Egg-laying  records  of  Si  veral  species  of  ladybirds — Continued. 


Date. 

Adalia  bipunc- 
tata. 

A.  bipunctata, 
var.  bumeralis. 

Cocci- 
Anatis  15-punctata.       nella  san- 
guinea. 

Cocci- 
nella  9- 

notata. 

Cocci- 
nella  tri- 
faseiata. 

' 

28 

i 

16 

13 
23 

v 

12 

IS 

9 

21    . 

10 

6 

60 

U 

38                    16 

12 



i           .     . 

39  I 

13 

13 

20 
20 

i5 :::::: 

14 

20  I.. 

L5 

::::::::::::::::::: 

:::::::: 

Iti 

18 



17 



2 

19 

20  i                  12 

21 

16 

22 



20 

24 

26 

25 

27 



10 

28 

20 

July    4 

15 

6 

19 

8 

15 

13 

18 

14 



9 

15 

5 

26 

12 

27 

15 

28 

20 

30 

19 

31 

23 

Aug.     6 

2 

9 

4 



30 

122 

145 

205 

71 

136 

73 

19 

251                  426 

A  pair  of  Adalia  hipunctata  var.  humeralis  (see  column  3)  was  placed 
in  a  jar  with  food  April  13,  and  eggs  were  deposited  on  April  20  and 
23.  On  May  3  the  female  was  isolated,  but  continued  to  deposit  eggs 
for  three  weeks.  The  eggs,  105  in  number,  laid  from  that  date  until 
May  20,  hatched,  but  18  laid  subsequent  to  the  20th  did  not  hatch.  In 
this  case  the  female  continued  to  lay  fertile  eggs  for  sixteen  days  after 
being  isolated. 

Several  species  of  lad}Tbirds  were  reared,  and  the  number  of  da}^s 
spent  in  each  stage  is  given  below.  In  cases  where  more  than  one 
individual  of  a  species  was  reared  the  average  number  of  days  spent 
in  each  stage  is  given  in  the  table. 

Number  of  days  spent  in  different  stages  of  development  by  several  species  of  ladybirds. 


species. 

Egg. 

First 

larval. 

Second 
larval. 

Third 
larval. 

Fourth 
larval. 

Pupa. 

Adult  to 
adult. 

Adalia  bipunctata 

6 
5 

8 
13 

7 
7 
7 
5 

6 
6 

6 

6 

5 
6 

5 

6 

5 

7 

7 

12 

9 
9 

9 
8 

38 

Adalia  bipunctata  var.  bumeralis.. 

38 

46 

Mysia  i  nil  lata 

10 

5 
6 
5 

5 
6 
4 

6 

9 
5 
2 
4 

14 

(i 
6 

7 

52 

Cocci n el  la  sanguinea 

7 
6 
8 

36 

Coccinella  9-notata 

30 

'  'occinella  trifasciata 

36 

29 

I  did  not  succeed  in  rearing  Chilocorus bivulnertts,  but  secured  only 
the  data  given  in  the  table. 

The  length  of  time  spent  by  these  beetles  in  their  different  stages 
varies  considerably;  it  is  influenced  chiefly  by  the  food  supply  and 
weather  conditions. 

If  they  are  furnished  with  an  abundance  of  food,  and  the  weather 
is  very  warm,  the  length  of  time  spent  in  each  stage  may  be  con- 
siderably reduced. 

The  next  table  gives  a  somewhat  incomplete  record  of  the  average 
amount  of  food  consumed  daily  by  the  beetles  and  the  amount  eaten 
during  each  larval  stage  while  they  were  being  reared  in  captivity. 
The  aphids  which  served  as  food  were  of  different  species,  and  would 
average  about  the  size  of  half-grown  apple  aphids.  The  birch  aphid 
egos  were  of  the  same  form  and  color,  but  slightly  smaller  than  the 
eggs  of  the  apple  aphis. 

Number  of  aphids  consuim  d  daily  by  ladybirds  of several  species  during  different  stages. 


Species. 


Acialia  bipunctata 

Anaiis  15-puDctata  .. . 

Mysia  pullata 

<  'occinella  sanguines 
Coccinella  9-notata. . . 
('occinella  trifasciata. 


First 

larval 
stage. 


Second 

larval 
stage. 


Third 
larval 
stage. 


55 


55 


23 

107 


Fourth 
larval 
stage. 


10 
213 


1  55 


Adult 
stage. 


100 
50 


An  adult  specimen  of  Adalia  bipunctata  consumed  100  aphid  eggs 
daily,  and  an  adult  of  Chile-corns  bi/vulnerus  ate  about  one-half  as 
many  of  these  eggs  during  the  same  period. 

The  records  given  show  in  a  general  way  something  of  the  economic 
value  of  the  insects  discussed,  and  gives,  it  is  hoped,  more  definite 
data  concerning  some  points  in  their  life  history  than  has  been  pub- 
lished heretofore. 


Mr.  Marlatt  stated  that  he  had  been  much  interested  in  this  paper, 
and  thought  that  it  threw  light  on  a  number  of  matters  about  which 
information  was  needed.  lie  asked  Mr.  Kotinsky  to  give  a  brief 
statement  on  the  amount  of  food  which  the  Asiatic  ladybird  would 
eat.  since  Mr.  Kotinsky  had  been  looking  after  those  details.  lb' 
further  stated  that  the  c<j;<j:  records  which  Mr.  Burgess  had  given  were 
interesting,  but  he  did  not  consider  them  of  sufficient  number  to  war- 
rant definite  conclusions  as  to  the  number  of  eggs  deposited  by  the 
insects.  lie  thought  Mr.  Schwarz  could  give  some  information  on  that 
point,  lie  thought  that  probably  all  ladybirds  would  be  found  to  live 
for  a  considerable  length  of  time,  the  imported  Chilocorus similis sur- 


30 

viving  nearly  a  year,  and  that  egg  laying  normally  extended  over  a 
protracted  period. 

Mr.  Kotinskv  stated  that  he  had  been  charged  by  Mr.  Marlatt  with 
the  care  of  the  Imported  Asiatic  ladybird  ever  since  it  had  reached  this 
country,  a  little  over  a  year  ago.  He  had  had  occasion  to  closely 
watch  its  food  habits  until  during  -the  summer,  when  large  numbers 
were  available  and  could  safely  be  confined  for  close  observation.  At 
Mr.  Marlatfs  suggestion  he  had  once  placed  three  larvae,  one  each 
of  the  first,  second,  and  third  stages,  in  a  jar  upon  a  peach  twig 
covered  with  young  newly  hatched  peach  scales  (Diaspis pmtagona). 
These  had  been  kept  for  seventy-two  hours,  and  after  making  very 
liberal  allowance  it  was  calculated  that  they  had  eaten  in  the  course  of 
those  three  days  some  14,000  larvae,  an  average  rate  of  1,500  in  the 
course  of  twenty-four  hours,  or  a  little  over  one  per  minute  for  each 
beetle  larva.  Upon  a  closer  observation  still  he  had  found  that  a  half  - 
grown  larva  about  the  second  stage  would  eat  a  larva  of  the  scale  in 
the  course  of  about  five  or  six  seconds,  and  would  consume  about  5  or 
6  per  minute.  He  thought  the  larvae  spent  some  time  wandering 
about,  resting,  etc.,  which  accounted  for  the  reduced  average  when 
rates  per  day  were  considered.  Only  on  one  occasion,  and  that  an 
abnormal  one,  had  he  observed  one  of  the  larvae  to  eat  another.  This 
occurred  when  two  full-grown  larvae  were  confined  upon  a  stick  which 
had  no  food  upon  it  at  all.  He  was  rather  surprised  to  find  that  the 
smaller  of  them  had  been  eaten  into  b}^  the  large  fellow  immediately  back 
of  the  head.  The  beetles  themselves  are  equally  voracious.  He  had 
not  had  a  chance  to  count,  but  they  will  eat  the  scale  in  all  stages  and 
plenty-  of  them.  It  is  very  interesting  to  watch  them  devour  an  old 
scale.  They  do  not  bore  underneath  it,  but  gnaw  a  hole  through  the 
scale  close  to  the  exuvium  and  presumably  suck  the  juices  of  the  scale 
insect.  Time  and  again  he  had  found  the  mutilated  skin  of  the  adult 
female  adhering  closely  to  the  inside  of  a  scale.  Once  in  a  while  he  had. 
seen  the  beetles  chasing  each  other  and  enjoying  themselves  generally 
upon  the  twigs.  It  was  also  very  amusing  to  see  a  female  sitting  over 
a  scale,  the  ovipositor  projected  underneath,  and  herself  engaged,  in 
many  instances,  in  calmly  devouring  the  host,  which  she  had  appar- 
ently withdrawn  from  beneath  its  dome.  He  had  never  found  an  egg 
beneath  a  scale  when  it  was  perforated.  Normally  the  egg  is  depos- 
ited underneath  the  scale,  but  he  had  seen  some  deposited  on  the  bark, 
but  in  no  instance  had  he  observed  that  under  these  conditions  they 
hatched  into  larvae.  He  had  also  found  some  eggs  among  the  bristles 
of  empty  pupse  cases. 

Mr.  Kotinskv  further  remarked  that  he  had  been  much  interested 
in  the  note  made  by  Mr.  Burgess  on  the  failure  of  breeding  Chilocorus 
l)i ml m  rus.  In  spite  of  all  his  efforts  for  over  a  year  now,  he  had  failed 
absolutely   in  obtaining  the  eggs  from  this  species.     Mr.  Heideman 


31 

bad  once  called  his  attention  to  a  tree  on  the  grounds  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  thickly  covered  with  the  Putnam  scale  (Aspidio- 
fns  tinet/his).  upon  which  were  feeding  a  Dumber  of  the  twice-stabbed 
ladybird  larvae.  These  were  the  first  larvae  of  this  species  which  he 
had  noted  lasl  summer,  as  they  were  unusually  scarce.  Repeated 
attempts  to  obtain  the  eggs  from  either  the  captured  adults  or  other 
beetles  reared  in  confinement  had  resulted  in  disappointment.  He 
expressed  a  desire  to  compare  eggs  <>f  this  species  with  those  of 
ChUooorvs  simMis.  He  was  not  aware  that  the  egg  of  any  ChUocorus 
had  been  previously  described,  which  accounted  for  the  difficulty 
experienced  in  finding  tin1  eggs.  There  were  only  two  beetles  of  the 
Japanese  ladybird  left  in  the  spring,  and  the  absorbing  problem  with 
him  had  been  to  find  the  eggs.  Some  one  had  suggested  that  these 
might  be  found  in  clusters  on  the  surface  of  the  bark,  but  this  did  not 
prove  to  be  the  case.  He  had  frequently  turned  up  the  scales  upon 
traversed  twigs  to  see  whether  the  scale  insects  were  edible,  and  in 
the  course  of  these  examinations  had  discovered  underneath  the  scale 
something  which  had  at  rirst  been  taken  to  be  a  parasite  of  the4  scale 
insect,  but  which  upon  closer  examination  proved  to  be  the  oo;^  of 

(  '],il  <><;,,■  Us  si  mil  is. 

Mr.  Howard  remarked  that  he  was  not  aware  of  other  careful  obser- 
vations upon  the  life  history  of  Coccinellids  in  this  country  except  the 
series  of  Mr.  Marlatt  and  Mr.  Kotinsky,  and  those  made  by  Mr. 
Coquillet  in  California,  and  his  recollection  was  that  the  total  life  from 
egg  to  adult  of  V<<I<ili<i  cdrdinalw  in  California  was  much  shorter  than 
the  life  histories  which  Mr.  Burgess  had  followed  in  Massachusetts. 

Mr.  Coquillet  stated  that  his  observations  on  those  ladybirds  in 
California  had  been  so  long  ago  that  the  details  had  passed  from  his 
mind. 

Mr.  Fiske  stated  in  relation  to  the  life  history  of  (  7/ ilocm "lis  hivulra  rim 
in  Georgia  that  he  considered  it  a  most  valuable  species  from  an  eco- 
nomic standpoint,  and  that  he  had  had  a  good  many  opportunities  to 
observe  its  younger  stages  and  to  observe  it  throughout  the  year.  The 
eggs  had  been  for  a  long  time  unknown  to  him.  but  last  spring  he  had 
found  them  in  considerable  quantities  upon  old  peach  trees  infested 
with  the  cherry  scale,  and  the  eggs  were  situated  under  the  scales  on 
the  bark.  At  the  time  they  were  found  they  were  brown  in  color 
instead  of  yellow,  as  he  had  expected.  They  were  not  reared  to  full 
maturity.  He  mentioned  a  very  interesting  instance  which  had 
occurred  in  Georgia  the  present  year  indicating  the  value  of  ladybirds. 
The  season  had  been  very  long  and  unusually  dry  and  the  plant-lice 
had  had  an  unusually  good  opportunity  for  development;  especially 
was  this  true  of  the  cotton  aphi>.  Although  this  insect  usually  dis- 
appears about  the  first  or  middle  of  .lime,  it  continued  the  present  year 
up  until  the  1st  of  July  and  threatened  to  do  considerable  damage. 


32 

About  the  middle  of  July  letters  began  to  come  in  to  the  Department 
concerning  a  so-called  new  insect  occurring"  on  cotton.  The  prevalence 
of  the  ( Jolorado  potato  beetle  in  Georgia  at  the  present  time  led  many 
of  tlif  cotton  growers  to  think  that  this  plant  was  being  attacked  b}T 
the  Colorado  potato  beetle.  Upon  receiving  specimens  of  the  insect 
injuring  cotton,  it  proved  to  be  Hippodamia  convergent,  the  specimens 
received  being  mostly  in  the  larval  and  pupal  conditions.  For  some 
time  something  over  twenty  letters  a  day  were  received  from  cotton 
growers  concerning  this  insect.  He  had  made  two  or  three  trips  to 
the  cotton  fields  to  observe  this  species  and  found  that  it  occurred  in 
very  extraordinary  numbers;  thousands  of  them  on  the  cotton  plants. 
There  would  be  as  many  as  a  dozen  or  fifteen  or  even  twenty  larvae 
and  pupae  of  this  ladybird  on  one  tip  of  the  plant,  perhaps  no  more 
than  3  inches  long.  There  were  also  present  larvae  of  certain  lace- 
winged  Hies,  but  he  considered  this  ladybird  beetle  the  principal  agent 
in  checking  the  outbreak  of  the  cotton  aphis. 

Mr.  Fiske  further  stated  that  both  he  and  Mr.  Scott  had  been  giv- 
ing considerable  attention  to  the  ladybirds  as  found  in  Georgia  and 
hoped  soon  to  be  able  to  publish  a  paper  on  them.  One  species,  an 
Exocomus,  had  been  reported  as  feeding  on  scale  insects,  and  he  was 
informed,  he  thought  by  Mr.  Schwarz,  that  this  genus  was  one  that 
fed  almost  exclusively  on  scale  insects.  He  had  observed  this  species 
frequently,  and  so  far  it  had  occurred  largely  on  plant-lice  and  only 
occasionally  on  scale  insects. 

Mr.  Burgess  remarked  in  reference  to  Chilocorus  Mvulnerus  that  he 
had  attempted  to  rear  it  a  number  of  times,  but  had  been  unable  to  do 
so.  This  species  appeared  to  feed  on  plant-lice,  and  when  plant- lice 
eggs  were  offered  the  beetles  early  in  the  spring  they  were  devoured 
quite  greedily.  In  his  own  experiments  he  had  been  able  to  obtain 
only  two  or  three  eggs  of  this  species,  and  they  had  been  deposited  on 
a  twig  placed  in  a  jar.  Only  one  of  these  eggs  had  hatched,  and  this 
was  how  he  had  obtained  the  record  indicated,  of  the  length  of  the  egg- 
stage. 


The  next  paper,  presented  by  Mr.  F.  L.  Washburn,  was  as  follows: 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  CHINCH  BUG  IN  MINNESOTA. 

By  F.  L.  Washburn,  St.  Anthony  Park,  Minn. 

From  observations  made  last  summer,  from  reports  of  correspond- 
ents, and  from  press  articles  it  is  evident  that  the  chinch  bug  has 
been  this  season  confined  to  the  southeastern,  south  central,  and 
southern  portions  of  the  State.  Careful  examination  of  Professor 
Lugger's  past  reports  indicates  that  this  is  not  a  condition  of  affairs 


33 


peculiar  to  this  year,  hut  can  be  regarded  a<  the  permanent  condition 
in  .Minnesota. 

An  imaginary  line  drawn  from  Mora,  in  the  easl  central  part  of  this 
State,  southwest  to  Benson  and  then  south  to  Iowa  would  include  on 
its  southern  and  eastern  side  the  area  infested  this  year.  It  is  not  to 
be  understood  that  all  of  this  territory  was  occupied  by  the  chinch 


Fi<;.  1.— Map  showing  distribution  of  chinch  bug  in  Minm 

bug,  but  all  the  infested  counties  heard  from  would  be  included  by 
Mich  a  line.  I  note  that  Dr.  Lugger's  report-  for  L887,  L 894,  and  L895 
Coincide  quite  closely  with  the  conditions  of  L902.  To  make  this  more 
clear  I  have  had  a  map  (fig.  I)  copied  from  one  of  his  reports,  to  which 
1  have  added  the  line  I  refer  to  as  representing  my  findings  this  year. 
In  the  years  noted  (1887,  L894,  and  L895)  Dr.  Lugger  found  the  same 

22170     03 3 


34 

counties  infested  which  I  have  reported  upon  and  in  addition,  as  you 
will  note  from  the  chart,  a  few  counties  to  the  north.  He  also  refers 
(o  one  isolated  example  in  L895  from  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the 
State  near  Lake  Vermilion.  This  latter  reference,  as  far  as  I  can 
make  out,  is  something  in  the  nature  of  a  rumor.  I  can  lind  no  speci- 
mens in  the  collection  substantiating  the  report.  The  chinch  bug  is 
not  known  in  the  Red  River  Valley  along  the  western  border,  nor  is  it 
known  north  of  the  imaginary  line  shown  in  the  map,  with  the  possible 
exception  above  noted.  It  occurred  to  me  that  these  conditions  might 
interest  entomologists,  particularly  as  maps  have  been  published  and 
republished  indicating  in  a  general  way  that  the  chinch  bug  is  found 
over  the  entire  State.  It  must  be  admitted  that  a  few  sections  might 
have  chinch  bugs  which  are  not  reported;  nevertheless  the  close  simi- 
larity in  the  findings  of  the  late  Dr.  Lugger  and  the  present  entomol- 
ogist would  seem  to  place  the  matter  of  its  distribution  beyond  ques- 
tion. The  year  has  been  unfavorable  for  this  pest,  the  summer  having 
been  a  decidedly  wet  one.  I  might  say  that  much  of  the  blame  of 
injury  caused  by  the  Hessian  fly,  a  pest  even  now  of  almost  universal 
occurrence  in  Minnesota,  has  this  summer  been  laid  at  the  door  of  the 
chinch  bug,  with  which  farmers  are  much  more  familiar  than  they  are 
with  the  former  insect. 


At  the  conclusion  of  this  paper  Mr.  Burgess  inquired  of  Mr.  Wash- 
burn if  the  chinch  bug  fungus  was  being  used  in  Minnesota  to  any 
extent  at  the  present  time. 

Mr.  Washburn  replied  that  it  had  been  almost  entirely  abandoned. 
It  had  not  been  found  practicable. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned,  to  reassemble  at  2  p.  m. 

AFTERNOON  SESSION,  FRIDAY,  DECEMBER  26,  1902,  2  P.  M. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  the  president,  who,  after  calling 
Mr.  Osborn  to  the  chair,  presented  a  paper  on  the  following  subject: 

OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  GRAPEVINE  ROOT-WORM. 

By  E.  P.  Felt,  Albany,  X.  Y. 

[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 

Mi-.  Burgess  remarked  that  the  life  history  of  the  grapevine  root- 
worm  had  been  worked  out  by  Messrs.  Webster  and  Mally  several 
years  ago,  and  that  this  had  been  published  along  with  results  of  their 
experiments  in  its  control.  A  year  ago  be  had  carried  on  a  few 
experiments  under  Mr.  Webster's  direction  for  spraying  for  this 
insect  with  arsenate  of  lead,  and,  although  the  results  were  not  con 


85 

elusive,  it  appeared  that  some  considerable  benefit  had   been  derived 
from  the  spraying.     He  stated  that  the  grapevine  root- worm  occurred 

in  the  grape  districts  in   northern   Ohio,  especially  east    of  Cleveland, 
where  in  some  localities  it  did  a  great  deal  of  injury. 


The  next  paper  was  presented  by  Mr.  Osborn, as  follow-: 

A  METHOD  FOR    MOUNTING    DRY  COCCID^  FOR  PERMANENT 

PRESERVATION. 

By  Herbert  Osborn,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Probably  all  who  have  had  occasion  to  preserve  scale  insects  have 
appreciated  the  desirability  of  obtaining  a  more  practicable  method 
than  those  now  in  vogue.  The  writer  has  tried  the  several  methods  in 
use.  such  as  pinning  in  insect  boxes,  inclosing  the  specimens  in  glass 

vials  or  tubes,  placing  them  in  folded  papers,  etc.  Each  has  its  own 
disadvantage,  and  one  common  to  all  is  that  of  the  danger  of  the  scales 
being  scraped  oft'  or  loosening  in  time  so  they  fall  off. 

The  plan  now  proposed  is  to  put  the  specimens,  together  with  the 
twig  or  leaf  to  which  they  are  attached,  between  two  slips  of  mica 
which  are  the  size  of  the  standard  3  by  1  microscope  slide,  the  two 
slips  being  bound  together  by  pieces  of  gummed  paper,  as  in  mounting 
lantern  slides.  At  one  end  a  label  may  be  placed.  The  whole  lit-  into 
a  microscope-slide  box.  and  the  mounts  may  thus  be  tiled  along  with 
balsam  mounts.  The  advantages  to  be  gained  by  the  method  are: 
Preservation  from  moisture,  from  insect  pests,  and  from  ravag< 
other  character.  Not  tin1  least  of  the  advantages  are  those  of  storing 
and  facility  of  handling.  Thus,  tin1  mounts  may  be  tiled,  a-  described 
above,  in  slide  boxes, or  they  may  be  pinned  in  insect  boxes  or  placed 
under  glass  for  exhibition  purposes,  and  if  desired  they  can  be  wrapped 
in  bundles  and  carried  in  the  pocket  into  the  tield.  This  latter  sug- 
gestion may  meet  with  sympathy  from  those  field  collectors  or  inpect- 
ors  who  desire  to  take  with  them  into  the  tield  authentic  specimens 
for  reference, 

The  method  of  mounting  may  be  varied  for  the  different  kinds  of 
specimens.  Thus,  thin  leaves  may  be  simply  pressed  between  the  two 
sheets  of  mica  and  the  edges  bound.  For  pieces  of  bark  and  thicker 
leaves  or  rind  of  fruits  a  cell  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  by  '2  inches 
may  be  made  from  cardboard,  in  which  the  specimens  may  be  placed, 
the  mica  slips  being  bound  oxer  the  cell.  For  -till  thicker  pieces,  3uch 
a-  small  t\\  igs,  the  cell  may  be  made  deeper  while  the  end-  of  the  mount 
are  left  thin  in  order  to  tit  into  the  grooves  in  the  slide  boxes. 

The  specimens  to  be  mounted  should  be  thoroughly  dry.  In  the 
case  of  leaves,  piece-  of  bark,  orange  rind,  or  part-  that  tend  to  curl. 


36 

in  order  that  they  may  lie  to  the  best  advantage  they  should  be  dried, 
as  in  the  preparation  of  botanical  specimens,  between  blotters.  If 
desired,  glass  slides  may  be  used  and  mica  used  for  covering.  The 
advantage  of  mica  over  glass  is  evident,  as  the  mica  is  not  subject  to 
breaking  as  readily  as  glass  and  is  much  lighter. 

The  expense  for  material  is  but  little  more  than  1  cent  per  mount, 
.did  the  mounts  can  be  made  in  very  short  time  by  anyone  neat  at 
pasting,  so  the  cost  of  the  method  is  certainly  within  reason. 


The  next  paper  was  presented  by  Mr.  Felt,  and  was  on  the  following 
subject: 

RESULTS  OBTAINED  WITH  CERTAIN  INSECTICIDES. 

By  E.  P.  Felt,  Albany   X.  Y. 
[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 

At  the  conclusion  of  this  paper  it  was  voted  to  defer  discussion  until 
a  series  of  papers  of  a  similar  character  had  been  presented. 


The  next  paper  was  presented  by  Mr.  Quaintance. 

FURTHER  NOTES  ON  THE  LIME,  SULPHUR,  AND  SALT  WASH  IN 

MARYLAND. 

By  A.  L.  Quaintance,  College  Pari-,  Md. 

At  the  Pittsburg  meeting  in  June  last  I  presented  some  notes  on  the 
use  of  the  lime,  sulphur,  and  salt  wash  as  a  treatment  for  the  San  Jose 
scab4  in  Maryland.  Further  observations  have  been  made  on  these 
tests,  and  it  appears  desirable  to  briefly  present  the  results,  particu- 
larly si  net1  the  conclusions  reached  in  June  as  to  the  lack  of  efficiency 
of  the  wash  now  appear  to  have  been  premature. 

Expt  riment  I. — Twenty  badly  infested  Japan  plum  trees  were  treated 
at  College  Park,  Md.,  on  March  -1.  The  last  examination  before  the 
Pittsburg  meeting  was  made  on  June  ^,  practically  three  months  later. 
At  this  time  the  young  live  scales  were  very  numerous,  crawling1 
around  over  the  limbs  and  branches,  and  many  had  already  settled. 
Live  adult  females  were  also  very  abundant  even  where  the  wash  was 
still  adhering  to  the  trees.  Scraping  infested  branches  with  a  knife 
blade   Hat  wise   pressed  out   an   abundance  of   the   oily  fluid  from  the 


:\7 

bodies  of  the  insects.  The  percent  of  scale  killed  by  the  treatment 
was  carefully  estimated  at  from  55  to  60. 

Examinations  of  these  trees  at  different  times  during  July  and  August 
revealed  tlmt  the  scale-  were  gradually  becoming  less  and  less  instead 
of  more  numerous,  as  would  have  been  expected  from  the  large  per 
cent  of  adult  insects  that  had  escaped  treatment.  By  the  first  week  in 
July  the  over- wintering  females  were  practically  all  dead,  having  given 
birth  to  their  young.  The  young  larvae  to  a  considerable  extent  failed 
to  permanently  establish  themselves,  and  practically  all  of  those  which 
had  settled  soon  afterwards  died.  Only  here  and  there  could  a  live 
maturing  insect  be  found,  and  these  were  mostly  on  the  terminal 
growth.  By  the  middle  of  August  the  old  scales  were  peeling  from 
the  trunks  and  branches,  and  on  September  6,  the  date  of  last  exami- 
nation, the  trees  were  noticeably  brighter  and  smoother,  owing  to  the 
general  falling  oil  of  the  dead  scales.  But  comparatively  few  live 
scales  could  be  found,  although  these  same  trees  were  alive  with  the 
crawling  larvae  in  June. 

Experiment  II. — This  test  was  made  at  Annapolis  Junction  on  22~> 
lo-y ear-old  apple  trees  and  about  5<>  2-year-old  peach  trees.  The 
wash  was  applied  March  21  and  28.  An  examination  on  June  13, 
about  two  and  one-half  months  later,  showed  young,  crawling  lice  in 
great  abundance,  and  the  mature  breeding  females  were  so  numerous 
that  but  little  good  appeared  to  have  been  accomplished  by  the  treat- 
ment.    The  percentage  of  scales  killed  was  placed  at  from  45  to  50. 

This  orchard  was  not  examined  again  until  September  8.  Instead 
of  finding  these  trees  badly  infested  with  scale  they  were  found  to  be 
remarkably  clean.  Live  scales  were  really  hard  to  find  even  this  late 
in  the  season.  The  old  scales  had  largely  shelled  oil'  and  the  trunks 
and  limbs  had  taken  on  a  slick,  healthy  appearance.  Even  on  trees 
that  had  been  encrusted  with  scales  the  results  were  apparently  equally 
good. 

The  final  outcome  of  these  tests  of  the  wash  was  quite  a  surprise. 
It  would  appear  that  results  have  been  expected  too  soon  after  the 
application  of  the  wash,  and  it  further  appear>.  a-  has  recently  been 
shown  by  Mallya  in  the  case  of  Diaspis  pentagona^  that  a  sufficient 
amount  of  the  wash  probably  remains  on  the  trunks  and  limbs  t<» 
destroy  the  larvae  coming  from  those  females  which  escaped  the  treat- 
ment. The  final  effect  of  the  wash  in  the  two  cases  cited  and  in  other 
cases  that  have  come  under  my  observation  leads  me  to  believe  that 
we  have  a  most  valuable  treatment  for  the  San  Jose  scale  in  the  lime, 
sulphur,  and  salt  wash. 


"Entomological  News.  vol.  L3,  p.  223. 


38 

Following  this  paper  the  secretary  read  a  communication  from  Mr. 
W.  E.  Britton,  as  follows: 

THE  LIME,  SULPHUR,  AND  SALT  MIXTURE  IN  CONNECTICUT. 
By  W.  E.  Britton,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

In  the  spraying  experiments  conducted  by  the  station  during  the 
spring  of  L902  the  lime,  sulphur,  and  salt  mixture  was  given  atrial 
in  throe  different  localities  in  Connecticut.  April  1  a  pear  tree  near 
New  Haven  was  sprayed  with  a  mixture  containing  50  pounds  of  lime, 
50  pounds  of  sulphur,  and  50  pounds  of  salt  to  150  gallons  of  water. 
Another  pear  tree  was  sprayed  on  April  15  with  a  mixture  made  in 
the  same  way.  On  May  23  a  careful  examination  of  these  trees  showed 
that  less  than  1  per  cent  of  the  scales  were  alive.  The  same  formula 
was  used  on  one  peach  tree  and  one  cherry  tree  at  Bridgeport  April 
10.  No  living  insects  could  be  found  on  these  trees  when  examined 
on  June  23.  The  trees  were  very  late  about  putting  out  their  leaves, 
and  on  April  18  six  Japanese  plum  trees  and  one  peach  tree  at  Terry- 
ville  were  sprayed  with  a  mixture  made  of  30  pounds  of  lime,  20  pounds 
of  sulphur,  15  pounds  of  salt,  and  60  gallons  of  water.  On  June  21  the 
trees  were  examined  and  the  percentages  of  living  insects  were  found 
to  vary  from  0  to  7,  the  average  of  the  seven  trees  being  3.36  percent. 
In  each  case  this  insecticide  was  used  in  comparison  with  25  per  cent 
crude  oil  mixed  with  water  and  several  other  mixtures.  It  proved  to 
be  as  effective  in  destroying  the  scale  insect  as  any  of  the  other  prepa- 
rations employed,  and  in  no  case  did  it  injure  the  trees,  while  some 
harm  followed  the  application  of  crude  oil,  both  undiluted  and  in  the 
25  per  cent  mixture,  in  several  cases.  The  largest  percentage  of  living 
insects  on  the  sprayed  trees  occurred  on  branches  which  were  very 
badly  infested,  being  covered  several  layers  in  depth  with  the  bodies 
of  the  insects.  The  insecticide  in  some  cases  had  not  penetrated  the 
mass  sufficiently  to  kill  those  at  the  bottom. 

The  lime,  sulphur,  and  salt  mixture  has  also  been  used  in  several 
large  Connecticut  orchards  the  past  season,  and  has  given  satisfactory 
results.  It  will  be  emplo}Ted  much  more  extensively  the  coming 
season. 


At  the  conclusion  of  this  paper  the  subject  was  opened  for  discussion. 

Mr.  Alwood  remarked  that  for  some  years  he  had  been  somewhat 
of  an  advocate  of  both  refined  and  crude  oil.  In  Virginia  they  had 
sprayed  thousands  of  trees  with  these  forms  of  petroleum,  and  in  the 
main  good  results  had  followed.  In  some  cases  the  results  had  been 
remarkably  good.  He  desired  to  call  attention  to  a  case  where  the 
use  of  oils  had  been  very  beneficial.     This  particular  case  was  a  young 


39 

orchard  of  about  500  winesap  apples.  Scale  insects  were  discovered 
on  these  trees,  he  thought  in  L898,  about  three  years  after  setting. 
The  insects  were  discovered  in  the  summer,  and  five  trees  oul  of  the 
500  or  more  were  quite  badly  coated.  There  had  been,  of  course, 
some  spread  to  other  trees.  The  young  orchard  was  in  a  very  beauti- 
ful condition,  and  the  owner  had  appealed  to  him  to  do  something  i<> 
stop  the  spread  of  the  insects.  Be  had  already  been  making  experi- 
ments in  the  way  of  summer  work,  and  so  he  recommended  spraying 
these  trees  with  pure  kerosene,  L50  flash  test,  and  this  had  been  done 
Three  of  the  trees  had  died  from  the  treatment.  They  were  covered 
with  the  scale,  and  of  course  were  weak  from  the  effect  of  the  insect. 
Two  of  them  had  lived  through  tin1  application  of  pure  kerosene  in 
the  summer  and  are  still  living,  and  up  to  the  present  time  were  \'vi>i> 
from  scale.  lie  further  stated  that  he  had  applied  kerosene  to  some 
thousands  of  trees  in  the  summer  time,  and  in  no  case  had  trees  been 
killed  by  its  use  except  where  he  had  killed  them  purposely  in  order 
to  determine  how  much  oil  the  trees  could  stand. 

In  the  case  of  the  young  orchard  cited,  the  insects  had  not  all  been 
exterminated  and  the  oil  was  again  applied  in  the  dormant  season,  and 
this  was  repeated  in  L900.  In  L901  the  application  had  been  changed 
to  crude  petroleum  late  in  the  winter  season  or  early  in  the  spring. 
The  scale  was  not  eradicated  by  this  treatment,  and  wud^  petroleum 
was  used  again  in  I'.xi^.  He  thought  the  last  application  had  largely 
eradicated  the  scale;  but  he  had  visited  the  orchard  the  1st  of  Septem- 
ber, L902,  and  had  found  a  very  few  San  Jose  scale  on  five  trees.  The 
infestation  was  chiefly  at  the  base  of  the  trees  in  the  region  where 
the  trunks  of  the  trees  and  soil  come  together.  Some  few  had  been 
found  in  crevices  of  the  hark.  He  explained  that  this  instance  was 
mentioned  because  that  orchard  to-day  is  a  remarkably  fine  one.  8 
years  old.  apparently  uninjured  by  the  treatment,  and  the  scale,  while 
not  eradicated,  has  been  so  thoroughly  repressed  that  it  had  accom- 
plished no  harm.  The  trees  that  were  first  so  thoroughly  treated  with 
the  pure  kerosene  are  apparently  free  from  the  scale  There  art1  a 
few  trees  in  the  orchard  which  were  never  badly  infested,  probably 
-i\  or  eight,  which  are  still  slightly  infested.  This  is  only  one  of  a 
good  many  cases  in  Virginia  which  could  be  mentioned,  but  was  to  be 
considered  illustrative  of  the  work  where  intelligently  done. 

Mr.  Fiske  stated  that  in  Georgia  the  San  Jose  scale  had  been  the 
chief  feature  of  the  work  of  the  department  of  entomology  for  a  good 
many  years  past.  They  had  been  obliged  to  fight  it  with  every  known 
means,  and  for  some  years  oil  had  been  recommended.  In  a  way  the 
oil  treatment  had  been  successful  where  applied  correctly.  Still  there 
had  been  a  good  deal  of  complaint  from  growers  that  peach  tree-  had 
been  killed  by  the  oil  and  that  the  fruit  buds  had  been  injured.  He 
had  found  in  comparing  the  published  results  with  oil  in  the  different 
parts  of  the  country  that  a  considerable  difference  of  opinion  prevails 


40 

as  to  its  value.  Last  winter,  in  order  to  straighten  out  certain  vexed 
points,  a  series  of  experiments  had  been  instituted  by  the  department. 
Several  different  orchards  had  been  used,  embracing  trees  in  different 
stages  of  growth  and  in  different  conditions.  These  had  been  sprayed 
with  oil,  will)  the  lime,  sulphur,  and  salt  wash,  and  various  other  mix- 
tures. A  few  points  bad  been  cleared  up.  but  the  results  of  these 
experiments  had  raised  numerous  other  points,  so  that  on  the  whole, 
from  his  standpoint,  he  had  not  been  much  enlightened  by  the  tests. 
In  Georgia  at  the  present  time  the  question  is  not  what  is  the  best 
general  treatment  for  the  San  Jose  scale,  but  what  is  the  best  treat- 
ment for  any  particular  orchard,  and  the  conditions  in  every  orchard 
are  different.  In  the  experiment  work  last  winter  two  orchards  had 
been  used,  one  of  which  was  two  years  old,  containing  large  trees  for 
their  age,  healthy  and  thorough^  infested  with  the  scale.  The  other 
was  an  orchard  of  4-year-old  trees,  healthy,  rather  mature,  and, 
if  anything,  worse  infested  with  scale  than  those  of  the  younger 
orchard.  The  experiments  were  duplicated  on  these  two  orchards, 
which  were  situated  about  half  a  mile  apart,  the  soil  and  weather  con- 
ditions being  practically  the  same.  Frequently  the  same  insecticide 
had  been  applied  to  the  respective  orchards  on  the  same  date  and  by 
the  same  hands.  A  treatment  that  had  been  perfectly  successful  in  the 
older  orchard  was  anything  but  successful  on  the  young  trees.  For 
instance,  20  per  cent  petroleum  in  one  application  on  the  older  trees 
was  very  effective  in  killing  the  scale,  and  in  August  and  September 
there  were  practically  no  scales  to  be  found  on  those  trees.  In  the 
younger  orchard,  however,  while  it  killed  probably  as  many  of  the 
scale,  }-et,  owing  to  the  healthful  condition  of  those  trees,  every  young 
scale  that  hatched  and  settled  down  seemed  to  be  successful  and  in 
due  time  gave  birth  to  young.  Thus  in  the  fall  in  this  orchard  there 
were  trees  practically  dead  with  the  scale  where  hardly  a  live  scale 
could  be  found  in  the  spring.  In  the  younger  orchard  there  were 
half  a  dozen  different  varieties  of  peaches.  On  some  varieties  the 
scale  was  killed  and  in  August  they  were  practically  free,  while,  with 
the  same  treatment  in  every  respect,  other  varieties  were  badly  infested 
with  the  scale.  There  were  fully  ten  times  as  much  scale  on  some 
varieties  as  on  others.  He  considered  it  important  in  treating  the 
San  Jose  scale  to  get  first  of  all  a  knowledge  of  the  condition  of  the 
tree  as  affecting  the  health  of  the  scale.  He  considered  it  necessary 
(o  know,  when  advice  was  asked  concerning  treatment  for  any  given 
orchard,  what  the  condition  of  the  orchard  was.  He  considered  that 
perhaps  20  per  cent  oil  would  be  satisfactory  or  not,  depending  on 
the  age  and  condition  of  the  trees.  In  his  opinion  this  was  one  reason 
why  the  results  with  oil  had  varied  so  much. 

The  present  winter  the  lime,  sulphur,  and  salt  wash  had  been  recom- 
mended largely,  although  with  certain  reservations,  and  he  wanted  to 
know  if  any  who  had  experimented  with  it  had  found  it  unsatisfactory. 


41 

Mr.  Alwood  desired  that  those  who  had  used  the  lime,  sulphur,  and 
sail  wash  would  make  their  experience  known,  because  he  considered 
it  a  very  important  question,  lie  stated  that  he  hud  not  w^'<\  the  wash 
enough  to  have  conic  to  definite  conclusions  about  it.  He  considered 
that  it  was  very  important  to  discover  a  treatment  that  would  not 
prove  injurious  to  trees,  for  in  his  opinion  the  average  workman  would 
often  be  likely  to  injure  trees  by  the  oil  treatment. 

Mr.  Fiske  remarked  that  in  connection  with  their  experience  with 
the  wash  as  used  last  winter,  the  results  were  very  much  like  those 
already  reported  by  Mr.  Quaintance.  The  scale  had  not  been  killed 
at  once,  and  notes  made  in  May  as  to  the  efficiency  of  the  wash  indi- 
cated that  it  was  very  unsatisfactory.  It  was  estimated  that  from  1<> 
to  25  per  cent  of  the  scales  were  alive  on  the  trees  at  that  time. 
Examinations  in  August,  however,  showed  that  the  per  cent  of  live 
scales  was  very  much  less,  lie  did  not  think  that  the  insects  which 
actually  escaped  treatment  bred  so  fast  on  trees  sprayed  with  the  lime, 
sulphur,  and  salt  mixture  as  in  the  case  of  those  sprayed  with  oil. 

Mr.  Burgess  stated  that  a  great  deal  of  spraying  had  been  done  last 
winter  in  Ohio  with  crude  petroleum,  especially  in  the  peach  district, 
and  a  great  deal  of  damage  had  been  done.  As  a  rule,  crude  petroleum 
had  been  used  undiluted.  I  Ie  considered  that  if  a  grower  uses  a  pump 
designed  to  make  the  mechanical  mixture  of  the  oil  with  water  and 
sprays  liberally,  he  may  get  as  much  oil  on  the  tree  as  if  he  sprayed 
sparingly  with  the  undiluted  crude  oil.  A  good  many  of  the  growers 
a  majority  of  them,  in  fact — used  the  pure  crude  oil.  A  large  number 
of  trees  had  been  killed  and  a  large  number  had  been  seriously 
injured.  These  were  mostly  peach.  He  did  not  recall  at  that  time 
that  apple  trees  had  been  seriously  hurt  by  the  use  of  pure  ev\\(U' 
petroleum,  although  a  number  of  orchards  had  been  treated  with  this 
substance,  and  the  owners  were  of  the  opinion  that  the  scale  had  been 
greatly  reduced. 

In  reference  to  the  lime,  sulphur,  and  salt  wash.  Mr.  Burgess  stated 
that  a  few  experiments  had  been  made  and  a  few  growers  had  u^'d  the 
mixture,  and.  from  what  he  had  seen,  the  results  were  good.  Some  of 
the  growers  from  northern  Ohio  had,  within  the  last  month,  visited 
some  of  the  peach  and  apple  orchards  in  southern  Illinois  that  had 
been  treated  by  the  spraying  force  employed  by  Dr.  Forbes.  These 
orchards  had  been  treated  the  past  winter  with  the  lime,  sulphur,  and 
salt  wash,  and  had  been  visited  by  the  growers  in  order  to  evt  an  idea 
of  wdiat  could  be  done  with  this  wash.  They  appeared  to  be  very  well 
satisfied  with  the  treatment,  and  some  were  making  arrangements  t<» 
use  it  on  their  trees.  Mr.  Burgess  further  stated  that  in  the  peach 
district  of  northern  Ohio  he  did  not  consider  it  advisable  to  recom- 
mend the  use  of  crude  oil  in  any  form  except  to  those  growers  who 
had  been  able  to  handle  it  successfully  in  the  past.     While  some  had 


42 

been  able  to  spray  their  orchards  with  this  substance  without  injury, 
many  others  had  not.  The  reason  for  this  difference  was  not  plain  to 
him,  as  in  sonic  cases,  at  least,  there  was  reason  to  believe  that  the 
men  were  equally  careful. 

Mr.  Webb  stated  that  the  results  from  spraying*  with  the  lime, 
eulphur,  and  salt  wash  had  varied  widely  in  Delaware.  1\\  some  cases 
the  results  had  been  excellent.  Five  hundred  8-year-old  trees  in  fair 
condition,  only  moderately  infested  with  the  scale,  had  been  thor- 
oughly sprayed  with  this  wash,  so  that  they  were  white  from  top  to 
bottom.  Shortly  afterwards  the  trees  had  been  examined  very  care- 
fully by  Professor  Sanderson,  who  thought  that  not  25  per  cent  of  the 
insects  had  been  killed;  but  in  August  and  September  there  were  but 
very  few  living*  scales  to  be  found.  Mr.  Webb  stated  that  he  had 
examined  the  apple  trees. frequently  himself,  and  was  very  soon  struck 
with  the  fact  that  no  }roung*  scales  could  be  found.  On  the  other 
hand,  an  orchard  on  the  adjoining*  farm,  a  year  or  two  older,  sprayed 
by  the  same  men  and  under  apparently  similar  conditions,  showed 
very  poor  results,  At  no  time  during*  the  season  were  the  trees  at  all 
free  from  the  young*,  crawling*  scales,  and  by  the  middle  of  the  sum- 
mer a  great  many  of  the  trees  had  been  ruined.  On  the  whole,  very 
little  benefit  seems  to  have  come  from  the  treatment.  Mr.  Webb 
thought  there  was  undoubtedly  an  explanation  of  the  difference  in 
results,  but  was  not  able  to  account  for  the  difference  himself.  Mr. 
Webb  mentioned  other  cases  where  orchards  of  from  500  to  1,200 
trees  had  been  sprayed,  though  the  work  had  not  been  done  very 
thoroughly,  but  he  considered  the  results  excellent  in  view  of  the  fact 
that  the  work  had  been  done  so  poorly.  Considerable  crude  oil  and 
some  refined  oil  had  been  used  in  Delaware  on  peaches  and  plums  as 
well  as  on  apples  and  pears,  and  there  had  been  absolutely  no  injury, 
unless,  as  mentioned  by  Mr.  Alwood,  the  attempt  had  been  made  to 
kill  the  trees.  With  some  pumps,  making*  a  mechanical  mixture  of 
oil  and  water,  the  mixing*  had  not  been  well  done,  some  trees  showing- 
just  a  trace  of  oil  and  others  were  covered  with  a  thick  coat.  Yet  no 
injury  had  resulted  from  such  treatment,  so  that  the  majority  of  fruit 
growers  are  rather  inclined  to  use  the  oil. 

Good  results  had  also  been  secured  by  the  use  of  the  soap  emulsion, 
which  was  used  to  a  considerable  extent,  and.  all  things  considered. 
he  1  bought  probably  this  had  given  best  results.  The  refined  kerosene 
had  been  used  almost  exclusively  in  making  this  soap  emulsion,  but 
very  little  of  the  crude  oil  being  used.  In  one  instance,  where  25  per 
cent  emulsion  had  been  sprayed  on  plum  trees  just  before  the  buds 
bad  opened,  there  had  been  no  injury,  and  a  full  crop  of  fruit  had 
been  borne  by  the  trees  the  following  year.  This  same  orchard  had 
been  treated  in  the  spring  of  L902  with  approximately  33  per  cent  of 
kerosene  emulsion  with  very  excellent  results,  although  the  treatment 


43 

had  been  given  somewhat  earlier  than  that  of  the  year  previous.  Iti 
another  case  an  orchard  of  3,000  trees  had  been  sprayed  with  20  and 
25  per  cent  kerosene-soap  emulsion,  using  two  or  three  times  as  much 
soap  as  is  ordinarily  prescribed,  also  using  Good's  potash  whale-oil 
soap.  This  treatment  had  been  given  during  the  spring  of  L903  and 
up  to  November,  hut  very  few  live  scales  were  to  be  found  in  the 
orchard.  It  required  very  careful  examinations  to  find  any  scales  at 
all  on  approximately  90  per  cent  of  the  trees. 

Mr.  Alwood  desired  to  know  exactly  how  the  emulsion  had  been 
prepared. 

Mr.  Webb  stated  that  he  had  not  done  the  work  himself,  simply 
observing  it.  but  it  was  his  recollection  that  a  pound  of  soa})  was  used 
to  a  gallon  of  water  and  a  gallon  of  oil  to  make  the  emulsion,  and  then 
2  gallons  of  water  were  added  to  make  the  lC>  per  cent  mixture,  and  in 
other  cases  3  gallons  of  water  to  make  tin4  20  per  cent  mixture. 

Mr.  Fiske  stated,  in  reference  to  the  emulsion,  that  it  had  been  used 
to  some  extent  in  Georgia  last  winter.  It  had  been  experimented 
with  quite  extensively,  and  the  present  winter  a  large  number  of 
growers  were  discarding  their  kerowater  pumps  mid  making  the 
emulsion.  They  are  putting  it  on  at  the  rate  of  L6  per  cent,  and  in 
general  their  method  of  procedure  is  to  make  an  emulsion  of  2 
pounds  of  soap. 

Mr.  Fernald  remarked  that  the  San  dose  scale  had  been  in  Massa- 
chusetts for  some  years,  but  that  there  had  not  been  an  opportunity 
for  experimenting  upon  it  until  the  present  year.  Last  year  and  the 
year  before  the  college  orchard  had  been  found  to  be  quite  badly 
infested.  This  orchard  consists  of  600  trees,  ranging  from  6  to  30 
years  old.  and  tin4  infestation  by  the  scale  was  very  general.  The  idea 
in  undertaking  the  tests  was  to  determine  the  value  of  the  different 
substances  employed  under  New  England  conditions.  "Different  trees 
were  treated,  tin4  applications  being  made  last  spring,  about  March  ^7 
to  April  14.  At  that  time  the  weather  was  quite  variable,  so  that  there 
was  an  opportunity  to  test  the  effect  of  different  kinds  of  weather  upon 
spraying  operations.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  it  had  been  suggested 
that  temperature  and  weather  conditions  in  general  might  affect  the 
results  from  spraying,  full  meteorological  recordswere  kept  for  every 
tree.  This  included  a  record  of  the  temperature,  force  and  direction 
of  the  wind,  humidity,  etc.  A  careful  study  of  the  records  indicates 
that  no  relation  exists,  except  possibly  in  a  slight  degree  in  the  appli- 
cation of  kerosene.  Mr.  Fernald  did  not  consider  that  the  weather 
made  any  perceptible  difference,  except  as  stated.  As  to  the  best 
method  of  determining  results,  the  speaker  stated  that  he  soon  became 
satisfied  that  early  counting  of  the  percentage  of  living  scale  was  one 
that  could  not  be  depended  on.  Prom  the  fact  that  at  that  time  of  the 
year  so  many  of  the  young  scales  are  killed  by  the  weather.     Inspec- 


44 

lions  were  made  every  week  over  the  whole  orchard,  and  were  con- 
tinued until  stopped  by  snow.  Inspections  were  entirely  in  reference 
to  the  abundance  of  living  scale  as  compared  with  the  original  inspec- 
tion. The  trees  have  been  classified  according  to  the  results.  Results 
were  given  as  follows:  Good's  potash  whale-oil  soap  No.  3,  2  pounds 
to  the  gallon  of  water,  was  sprayed  thoroughly  over  all  kinds  of  trees, 
including  cherry,  pear,  apple,  peach,  plum,  apricot,  and  nectarine.  An 
examination  showed  that  28.12  per  cent  have  been  freed  from  the 
scale;  the  remaining  72  per  cent  are  still  infested.  With  the  crude  oil 
one  or  two  additional  facts  should  be  mentioned,  In  regard  to  the 
unreliability  of  kerowater  pumps,  Mr.  Fernald  said  that  the  one  used 
by  him  had  recently  been  in  the  hands  of  the  manufacturers,  who  said 
that  it  was  all  right.  Nevertheless,  this  pump  often  varied  20  per  cent 
within  five  minutes.  Of  the  trees  treated  with  crude  oil  40  per  cent 
were  freed  from  the  scale,  but  many  badly  infested  trees  still  remain. 
Mr.  Fernald  questioned  if  entomologists  could  afford  to  recommend 
to  the  fruit  grower  a  pump  which  is  likely  to  be  as  unreliable  as  was 
the  pump  used  in  his  experiments.  Twenty  per  cent  kerosene  put  on 
in  the  same  way  gave  a  percentage  of  44.44  of  trees  entirety  freed 
from  the  scale.  Bowker's  tree  soap  gave  52.68  per  cent  freedom  from 
scale,  over  half  of  the  trees  treated  being  cleared  from  the  pest. 
Bowker's  soda  whale-oil  soap  gave  40.44  per  cent  freed  from  scale. 
Good's  soap,  1  part,  and  lime,  sulphur,  and  salt  wash,  9  parts,  was 
tried  and  gave  only  28.8  per  cent  of  freed  trees.  Lime,  sulphur,  and 
salt  wash  cleared  66  per  cent  of  all  the  trees  to  which  it  was  applied, 
and  part  of  it  was  applied  one  evening  just  previous  to  a  rain.  This 
application  had  been  made  on  March  29  and  was  still  perceptible  on 
the  trees  on  June  10. 

The  conclusions  reached  by  the  speaker  were  that  the  lime,  sulphur, 
and  salt  wash  is  the  best  treatment  for  the  average  man  to  use  who 
has  not  had  experience  in  spraying.  Although  the  wash  is  hard 
to  make  and  disagreeable  to  apply,  the  speaker  nevertheless  thought 
that  in  view  of  its  low  cost  and  the  safety  with  which  it  might  be 
applied,  and,  further,  on  account  of  its  apparently  continuous  action, 
extending  clear  into  the  summer,  that  this  wash  would  more  nearly 
meet  conditions  in  New  England  than  anything  else  tried.  Mr.  Fer- 
nald  considered  it  desirable  that  investigations  should  be  made  in 
reference  to  the  preparation  of  the  wash  to  simplify  this  process  as 
much  as  possible. 

Air.  Marlatt  remarked  that  one  interesting  feature  of  the  last  two 
years  is  that  after  a  lot  of  experimentation  we  are  coming  to  the 
methods  which  have  been  followed  in  California  for  many  years, 
namely,  the  use  of  the  lime,  sulphur,  and  salt  wash  and  kerosene 
emulsion. 

Mr.  Fiske  desired  to  know  if  anyone  present  knew  anything  about 
the  Texas  crude  oil.      He  stated  that   it  was   now  very  cheap  in  the 


45 

South,  and  that  many  were  asking  if  the  Texas  crude  oil  could  be  used 
in  place  of  the  Pennsylvania  crude  oil.  He  had  used  the  Texas  crude 
oil  last  summer  as  a  summer  treatment,  with  no  injurious  effect. 

Mr.  Gaudell  remarked  that  he  had  used  the  Texas  crude  oil  while  in 
Texas  to  keep  ants  from  his  insect  collection.  He  understood  that 
one  defect  was  that  it  was  of  a  very  sticky  nature,  and  if  used  on 
plants  was  likely  to  till  up  the  pores,  thus  suffocating  them. 

Mr.  Marlatt  stated  in  connection  with  the  lime,  sulphur,  and  -alt 
wash  that   in   his  opinion  a  considerable  pari  of  the   lime  commonly 

used    might    just    as    well    he    left    out.       He    thought    that     the    use    of 

kerosene  emulsion  would  become  more  general  from  the  fact  that  it 
was  possible  to  secure  a  definite  strength,  no  matter  how  the  pump 
might  work.  He  stated  that  there  wassome  difficulty  in  preparing  it. 
but  if  made  as  in  California  the  work  was  greatly  simplified.  It  i- 
made  up  and  put  on  the  market,  so  that  anyone  desiring  it  in  small 
quantities  can  secure  it  at  no  great  advance  in  price. 

Mr.  Harris  stated  that  he  had  used  "Corsicana"  oil  in  certain 
experiments  against  the  cotton-boll  weevil  in  Texas,  and  it  was  his 
experience  that  it  had  killed  the  plants. 


The  nextpaperwas  presented  by  Mr.  Felt,  and  was  on  the  following 
subject: 

NOTES  ON  INJURIOUS  INSECTS. 
By  E.  P.  Felt,  Albany,  X.   V. 

[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 

The  discussion  of  this  paper  was  deferred  until  several  of  a  similar 
character  had  been  presented. 

Mr.  Osborn  then  presented  the  following  paper: 

INSECTS  OF  THE  SEASON  IN  OHIO. 
By  Herbert  Osborn,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

In  a  previous  paper  I  have  noted  some  (,f  the  insect  occurrences  of 
the  early  part  ^\'  the  season;  and  a-  there  has  been  no  very  excessive 
abundance  of  any  pest  during  the  latter  part  of  the  year,  a  rather  brief 
review  will  suffice  to  put  on  record  such  as  have  attracted  attention. 

Grapevines  have  suffered  quite  severely  from  attack-  of  the  leaf- 
hoppers  (Typhlocyha  spp.),  in  some  cases  the  vines  showing  :i  decided 
wilting  and  the  crop  being  evidently  materially  checked  in  growth. 
Leaf-hoppers,  too.  have  been  quite  troublesome  on  roses  and  noted  on 
many  other  plants.  They  are  possibly  only  in  about  the  average 
abundance. 


46 

Grasshoppers  have  been  plentiful,  Melanoplics  differentialis  being 
especially  abundant  in  some  localities,  though  I  am  not  aware  that  it 
has  occasioned  any  unusual  concern  on  the  part  of  farmers.  Chinch 
})u^>  have  been  plentiful  enough  to  be  met  with  frequently  in  collect- 
ing, but  I  have  not  learned  of  any  extensive  injuries  except  in  one  or 
two  instances  in  the  early  summer.  Heavy  rains  and  wet  weather  in 
July  probably  served  to  check  them.  The  Hessian  fly  has  not  been 
attracting  much  attention,  and  there  is  apparently  not  much  to  fear 
from  it  for  the  coming  crop.  The  wheat-stem  maggot  (Meromyza 
americana)  was  found  in  wheat  fields  hear  Sandusky,  but  only  occa- 
sional stems  were  infested,  and  the  loss  from  this  species  would  not 
average  more  than  1  to  3  per  cent  in  the  fields  examined. 

Ohionaspis  comi  Cooley  was  found  in  a  clump  of  Cornus  asperifolii 
about  3  miles  from  Sandusky  in  such  quantities  that  several  of  the 
shrubs  were  nearly  dead  and  others  so  severely  infested  that  they  must 
very  likely  succumb  by  another  season.  Were  the  dogwood  planted 
to  any  extent  as  an  ornamental  shrub,  this  might  readily  become  a 
serious  pest. 

An  occurrence  of  the  cigarette  beetle  {Lasioderma  serricorne)  was 
brought  to  my  attention  by  one  of  the  furniture  firms  of  the  city,  who 
reported  the  damage  of  certain  plush  upholstered  furniture  and  desired 
information  as  to  the  insect  and  especially  in  reference  to  the  proba- 
bilit}r  of  its  having  gained  entrance  to  the  articles  while  in  their  pos- 
session. An  examination  of  the  furniture  showed  the  plush  covering 
to  be  penetrated  at  points  and  the  insect  to  occur  in  considerable  num- 
bers in  the  cotton  immediately  beneath  the  plush  and  in  many  cases 
fragments  of  the  plush  covering  mingled  with  the  cotton.  Underneath 
the  cotton,  in  the  filling,  no  specimens  were  observed.  This  evidence 
seems  to  show  conclusively  that  the  insect  had  entered  after  the  covering 
had  been  put  in  place  and  was  not  due  to  the  presence  of  the  beetles  or 
their  eggs  or  their  larvae  in  the  material  used  for  filling.  It  seems 
that  the  furniture  had  been  sent  to  this  firm  for  re-covering;  kept  in 
their  shops  but  a  few  days  and  returned  to  the  owner,  and  that  the 
injury  had  not  been  discovered  until  some  eighteen  months  after  being 
in  the  shops.  In  the  meantime  the  house  had  been  closed  and  unused 
for  a  period  of  some  six  weeks.  The  conclusion  seems  evident  that 
the  attack  originated  in  an  infestation  occurring  very  likely  during 
the  time  that  the  house  remained  unused,  the  beetles  possibly  gaining 
access  by  means  of  cigarette  packages  or  some  infested  articles  of 
furniture,  and  the  fact  that  the  articles  were  unused  permitted  the 
insect  to  become  fairly  well  established.  The  firm  in  question  are  to 
be  commended  for  their  attitude  in  the  matter,  as  they  were  anxious  to 
make  good  any  injury  that  could  be  traced  to  their  own  factories  or 
to  negligence  on  their  part.  The  fact  that  no  other  furniture  in  their 
establishment  has  shown  injury  from  this  insect,  along  with  the  fact 


47 

that  the  furniture  was  in  their  possession  for  so  short  a  time,  makes  it 
very  certain  that  the  infection  was  not  due  to  their  rooms  or  factory 
being  infested.  Specimens  have  been  received  from  Prof.  J.  C.  Ilam- 
bleton,  who  found  them  at  West  Jefferson. 

Chrysanthemums  in  Columbus  were  very  seriously  infested  with 
plant-lice (Nectarophora  sp.), apparently  undescribed.  They  werefirst 
observed  in  a  greenhouse  in  the  early  fall  clustered  on  stems  and 
leaves,  and  later  they  were  found  invading  buds  and  blossoms  to  such 
an  extent  as  to  disfigure  them  very  seriously.  The  manager  of  the 
greenhouse  used  fcobacco-stem  fumigation,  but  he  did  not  succeed  in 
more  than  giving  a  temporary  check  to  the  species. 

The  beech  blight  (Schizoneura  irribricatd)  was  quite  abundant,  pro- 
ducing the  usual  whitened  appearance  of  the  beeches. 

It  may  be  worth  while  here  also  to  put  on  record  the  occurrence  of 
the  white  ant  (Termes  Jlavipes)  in  the  vicinity  of  Sandusky.  Speci- 
mens were  found  there  by  Mr.  O.  A.  Swezy.  The  species  is  abundant 
in  central  Ohio,  but  I  have  not  met  with  it  so  far  north  before. 

The  fall  canker-worm  has  been  quite  abundant  and  depositing 
numerous  clusters  of  eggs,  SO  there  is  every  probability  of  a  continu- 
ation of  the  ravages  of  this  pest  another  year. 


The  following  paper  was  presented  by  Mr.  Quaintance: 

ENTOMOLOGICAL  NOTES  FROM  MARYLAND. 
By  A.  L.  Quaintance,  College  Park,  Md. 

The  most  noteworthy  entomological  fact  even  in  Maryland  the 
present  year  has  been  the  occurrence  of  the  periodical  cicada.  About 
the  last  of  May  500  return  postals  were  sent  out  to  correspondents  in 
various  parts  of  the  State  to  determine'  as  accurately  as  possible  the 
distribution  of  the  insect.  By  means  of  replies  from  correspondents, 
and  by  personal  observation,  the  distribution  of  the  cicada  bas  been 
fairly  well  determined  for  Maryland.  The  accompanying  map  will 
indicate  the  occurrence  of  Brood  X  in  Maryland  for  1902. 

Considerable  injury  was  occasioned  by  the  cicadas,  particularly  in 
the  more  heavily  wooded  and  the  mountainous  sections  of  the  State. 
Young  orchards  of  both  peach  and  apple  were  in  many  instances  so 
seriously  punctured  that  prompt  and  severe  pruning  appeared  necessary 
to  save  the  trees.  The  current  fruit  <-rop  in  several  peach  orchards 
was  quite  destroyed.  The  cicada  made  its  appearance,  on  the  whole, 
from  about  the  middle  of  May  to  the  Lst  of  dune,  and  bad  largely 
disappeared  by  the  first  week  in  July. 

Injury  from  flea-beetles  has  been  quite  pronounced,  particularly  on 
tomatoes  and  Irish  potatoes.     Numerous  complaint-  have  been  received, 


48 

and  the  usual  offender  has  been  Epitrix  cucumeris.  The  injury  by  ilea- 
beetles  around  Easton  seems  to  have  been  particularly  severe,  and  one 
t ruckci-  reported  that  he  had  been  obliged  to  replant  tomatoes  a  third 
time  to  sei  ure  a  stand. 

Selcundria  cerasi  was  noted  as  quite  injurious  in  a  young  cherry 
orchard  near  Coleman,  Kent  County.  Md.,  July  15.  At  this  time  the 
foliage  was  largely  eaten  from  the  trees  and  the  orchard  had  a  browned 
and  burnt  appearance.  This  was  the  only  notable  instance  of  injury 
from  this  pest  in  the  State  coming  under  my  observation  the  present 
year. 

Epilachna  borealis  was  reported  injuring  melons  at  Denton,  Md., 
under  date  of  August  24.  This  species  has  been  noticed  by  the  writer 
both  last  year  and  this  year  in  the  vicinity  of  Denton,  feeding  princi- 


Fig.  2. — Occurrence  of  Brood  X  of  the  periodical  cicada  in  Maryland  in  1902. 

pally  on  squash  vines.  It  seems  to  be  well  established  in  this  locality, 
and  is  more  injurious  around  Denton  than  any  other  location  in  the 
State  with  which  I  am  familiar. 

The  rose-chafer  (Mdcrodactylus  suhspinosus)  was  very  abundant  and 
desl  motive  in  many  parts  of  the  State  during  the  greater  part  of  June. 
Fruits  seem  to  have  suffered  particularly,  and  complaints  were  made 
in  some  cases  that  peaches,  plums,  cherries,  apricots,  and  pears  were 
largely  destroyed.  A  correspondent  at  Prince  Fredericktown.  Calvert 
County,  sent  samples  of  green  peaches,  the  contents  of  which  had 
been  quite  excavated  by  the  beetles. 

Sweet  potato  slips  were  severely  injured  in  the  spring  in  the  vicinity 
of  College  Park  by  the  several  species  of  Cassidiike,  which  feed  on  this 
plant.  ( 'assida  ftivittata,  ( 'assida  nigripes,  and  (  ojrtocycla  bicolor  were 
observed  attacking  the  plants.      O.  ftivittata,  however,  was  the  most 


49 

abundant.  Injury  from  succeeding  broods  was  not  noticed,  and  the 
damage  apparently  was  occasioned  by  the  over-wintering  adults. 

The  black  peach  aphis  (Aphis  persicae-niger)  was  noticeably  injuri- 
ous in  certain  peach  nurseries  on  the  eastern  shore.  Injury  wrs 
probably  at  its  height  by  May  1.  and  later  reports  indicated  that  the 
lice  had  largely  disappeared  from  the  nurseries  by  the  middle  of  the 
month.  The  aphis  was  occasionally  observed  on  old  peach  trees  here 
and  there  in  the  State  throughout  the  summer.  A  badly  Infested 
peach  tree  was  observed  in  Frederick  December  22  with  lice  of  all 
ages,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  freezing  weather  had  been  experi- 
enced in  this  locality  on  several  occasions  previous  to  this  date  and  a 
heavy  snow  had  just  disappeared  from  the  ground. 

The  apple-leaf  aphis  (Ajp his  spp.)  seems  to  have  been  more  than 
usually  abundant  in  early  spring,  attacking  the  young  unfolding 
Leaves.  Many  complaints  were  made  of  this  pest,  and  it  was  necessary 
to  prescribe  remedial  measures.  In  one  instance  whale-oil  soap  at  the 
rate  of  1  pound  per  gallon  of  water  was  used  without  injury  to  the 
young  foliage.  Injury  from  this  insect,  however,  was  not  particu- 
larly noteworthy  during  the  summer,  and  complaints  largely  ceased 
with  the  passing  of  the  brood  from  the  over-wintering  o(r<i>. 

Mdanoplus  bivittatus  was  abundant  at  Hancock  and  near  Keedys- 
ville.  both  in  Washington  County.  In  the  former  instance  consider- 
able injury  had  been  done  to  newly  planted  apple  trees.  The  clover 
in  an  adjacent  field  had  been  cut.  and  the  insects  turned  their  attention 
to  the  apple  trees,  quite  stripping  several  adjacent  rows  of  foliage 
and  bark.  The  grasshoppers  were  full  Hedged  by  June  L8,  after 
which  date  injury  soon  ceased.  Attempts  to  -ecu re  eggs  of  this  spe- 
eies  confined  in  large  breeding  cages  failed  utterly,  although  the 
insects  were  given  every  attention  which  appeared  necessary. 

The  green  pea  louse  (JVectarophora  pisi)  failed  to  put  in  its  appear- 
ance in  time  to  injure  early  peas.  This  seems  to  have  been  the  case 
during  the  last  two  or  three  years,  and  the  practice  of  planting  early 
peas  is  a  method  largely  in  vogue  among  Maryland  growers  to  avoid 
injury  from  this  pest.  A  correspondent  from  Middleburg  sent  potato 
tips  thickly  infested  with  the  Nectarqphora  sp.  under  date  of  June 
24.     He  stated  that  the  insects  had  made  their  appearance  over  night. 

The  onion  maggot  (Phorhia  ceparum)  was  reported  a-  having  been 
injurious  to  onions  during  the  previous  year  by  Mr.  J.  Kolb,  of  Royal 
Oak.  Md.,  under  date  of  June  21,  L$02.  No  reports  were  received  of 
injury  during  the  present  year. 

The  strawberry  weevil  (Anthonomus  signatus)  has  been  quite  destruc- 
tive to  the  strawberry  crop  both  on  the  eastern  shore  and  in  western 
Maryland.  The  destructive  work  of  the  insect  was  variously  placed 
by  different  growers  at   from  25  to  50  per  cent  of  the  crop.     Certain 

22170—03 4 


50 

strawberry  growers  at  Ridgely,  Caroline  County,  have  determined 
that  fche  planting  of  profuse  blooming  varieties  is  a  satisfactory  way 
of  escaping  loss  from  this  pest.  It  appears  to  be  the  concensus  of 
opinion  that,  the  following  varieties,  mentioned  in  order  of  maturity. 
are  most  likely  to  answer  the  purposes:  Rio,  Superior,  Tennessee 
Prolific* and  (randy.  While  Gandy  is  not  a  profuse  bloomer,  it  is 
quite  late,  and  seems  to  be  the  best  variety  of  its  season.  With  these 
varieties,  with  the  exception  of  Gandy,  the  work  of  the  beetles  proves 
to  be  actually  beneficial,  by  thinning  out  the  bloom.  The  use  of  pis- 
tillate sorts,  as  commonly  recommended,  has  not  been  found  satis- 
factory, and  has  been  largely  abandoned. 

Injury  from  the  imported  elm  leaf -beetle  (Galerueella  hiteola)  was 
noted  July  8  at  Frederick,  Md.  At  this  time  the  foliage  of  certain 
elms  had  been  largely  destroyed.  This  is  the  only  instance  where 
injury  from  this  species  was  noted  by  the  writer  the  present  year. 

The  rose  sawnV  (Monostegia  rosde)  became  noticeably  destructive  to 
roses  about  the  middle  of  May  quite  generally  over  the  State. 

During  July  report  was  received  from  Mr.  Richard  Vincent,  jr.,  of 
Whitemarsh,  to  the  effect  that  some  insect  had  greathT  injured  his 
young  celery  plants.  A  careful  examination  of  the  celery  seed  beds 
was  made  July  28,  and  one  immature  individual  of  the  negro  bug 
(Co/-nj/dcena  ypulicarid)  was  found  on  the  plants,  which  Mr.  Vincent 
thought  to  be  the  same  insect  which  had  been  so  abundant  and  destruc- 
tive a  short  while  previously. 

The  unusual  prevalence  of  the  white-marked  tussock  moth  {Orgyia 
leaeostigma)  in  1901  led  some  to  fear  that  the  insect  would  again  be 
abundant  in  1902.  During  late  May  and  early  June  of  the  present 
year  larvae  of  this  species  were  observed  in  comparatively  small  num- 
bers, but  larvas  of  the  August  brood  were  exceedingly  rare  and 
attracted  no  attention  whatever. 

Nests  of  the  fall  webworm  {Hyphantria  amen)  were  observed  quite 
generally  over  Maiyland  during  late  June  and  early  July,  but  the 
second  brood  failed  to  show  up  to  any  extent. 


Mr.  Weed  presented  the  following  paper: 

NOTES  FROM  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

By  Clarence  M.  Weed,  Durham,  X.  1L 

During  recent  years  New  Hampshire  lias  been  fortunate  in  escaping 
the  attacks  of  several  lately  introduced  insect  pests  of  first  importance 
that  have  ravaged  other  States.  The  most  notable  of  these  are  the 
elm  leaf- beetle,  the  San  Jose  scale,  the  gypsy  moth,  the  brown-tail 
moth,  and  the  pear-tree  psylla.      The  last  two  seasons  have  shown, 


51 

however,  that  our  good  fortune  was  only  temporary,  for  four  of  these 
rive  pests  have  gained  a  foothold  within  our  borders. 
For  several  yours  there  has  been  reason  to  expecl  that  the  imported 

elm  leaf-beetle,  which    has  been  SO  troublesome  in  other  Slate-,   would 

attack  the  elm  trees  along  our  southern  borders,  although  there 
seemed  to  be  some  reason  to  hope  that  it  would  not  flourish  in  the 
central  and  northern  parts  of  the  State,  [t  was  something  of  a  sur- 
prise, therefore,  to  receive  from  Conway  Center  larvae  of  this  pest, 
with  the  report  that  they  had  been  at  work  upon  an  elm  tree  for  at 
least  two  seasons.  To  make  sure  of  the  identification,  the  specimens 
were  sent  to  Dr.  L.  0.  Howard,  who  said  that  they  were  undoubtedly 
the  imported  (dm  Leaf-beetle.  If  this  insect  can  successfully  establish 
itself  in  the  White  Mountain  region  I  can  see  no  reason  why  it  should 
not  become  a  pest  in  all  parts  of  the  State  to  the  southward. 

For  year-  I  have  been  expecting  the  advent  of  the  San  Jose  scale 
into  our  State,  but  have  been  unable  to  rind  any  trace  of  it  until  this 
season.  The  very  fact  that  there  are  practically  no  nurseries  in  the 
State  not  only  rendered  the  finding  of  the  pest  more  difficult,  but 
made  it  more  probable  that  it  would  be  introduced  without  our 
knowledge.  At  present  two  infested  localities  are  known,  though  it 
is  probable  that  others  exist.  In  the  one  first  discovered  the  insect 
apparently  was  introduced  on  a  tree  set  nearly  eight  years  ago,  the 
tree  having  been  purchased  from  the  nursery  near  Boston  which 
appears  to  have  been  largely  instrumental  in  spreading  this  scale 
through  Massachusetts.  In  the  same  neighborhood  the  pest  appears  to 
have  been  reintroduced  last  spring  on  trees  bought  of  a  local  agent, 
who  had  purchased  them  outside  the  State.  The  other  infestation, 
which  is  at  Dover  Point,  originated  from  peach  trees  bought  of  a  local 
greenhouse  man  who  imports  trees  from  outside  the  State. 

We  have  as  yet  no  nursery-inspection  law  in  our  State,  and  the 
scarcity  of  nurseries  would  render  a  law  so  named  something  of  a  mis- 
nomer. We  need,  however,  and  shall  probably  get  this  winter,  some 
law  that  will  be  helpful  in  the  matter. 

Another  pest  which  appears  to  have  been  added  to  our  lists  com- 
paratively recently  is  the  pear-tree  psylla,  which  has  been  destructively 
abundant  during  the  season  at  least  in  Concord  and  Newmarket.  Very 
likely  we  shall  hear  of  it   in   many  other  localities  in  the  near  future. 

The  brown-tail  moth  seems  to  have  been  first  introduced  into  New 
Hampshire  in  the  summer  of  L899,  probably  by  a  severe  gale  that 
blew  the  adults  alone-  the  coast  northeast  from  Boston.  A  winter 
nest  of  this  insect  was  found  in  December,  L899,  at  Seabrook,  the 
southeastern  town  of  the  Granite  Mate,  by  Mi1.  F.  (  .  Moulton,  of  the 
(  rypsy  Moth  Commission,  and  in  tin4  summer  of  L901  an  adult  moth  was 
taken  at  light  in  Hampton,  the  town  directly  north  of  Seabrook.  No 
damage  from  the  pest  has  been  reported,  but  doubtless  it-  genera] 
presence  in  our  southeastern  region  is  only  a  question  of  a  few  year-. 


52 

We  have  aot  yet,  so  far  as  I  know,  any  evidence  of  the  presence  of 
the  gj7psy  moth  within  our  borders.  But  now  that  the  State  of  Mas- 
sachusetts has  practically  abandoned  its  heroic  fight  against  this  pest, 
it  seems  to  be  only  a  question  of  time  when  it  will  spread  over  our 
forests.  Probably  our  people  will  then  get  a  new  idea  of  the  possi- 
bilities of  the  damage  that  may  be  caused  by  insect  pests. 

Canker-worms  have  been  very  destructive  in  southern  New  Hamp- 
shire this  year.  Our  observations  show  that  the  spring  species  is  the 
one  chiefly  destructive.  A  comparative  test  of  handing  with  bodlime 
and  spraying  with  arsenicals  showed  that  the  latter  was  much  the 
most  satisfactory  remedjT. 

On  the  whole  the  most  puzzling  recent  entomological  event  in  our 
region  has  been  the  sudden  extinction  of  the  hordes  of  squash  bugs 
that  overwhelmed  cucurbitaceous  plants  last  year.  It  does  not  seem 
to  me  possible  to  attribute  this  to  natural  enemies,  and  unless  it  was 
due  to  the  open  winter  I  am  at  a  loss  to  account  for  it.  It  has  long 
seemed  to  me  that  this  subject  of  the  sudden  disappearance  of  insect 
pests  was  one  needing  careful  and  continuous  investigation  by  many 
entomologists  working  in  conjunction,  and  1  venture  to  suggest  that 
a  permanent  committee  of  this  association  might  well  be  appointed  to 
follow  up  the  subject  from  year  to  year. 

In  New  England  there  has  been  of  late  considerable  discussion  re- 
garding the  free  use  of  arsenical  preparations  as  insecticides.  While 
much  of  the  adverse  criticism  is  of  course  uncalled  for  and  absurd,  it 
seems  to  me  that  entomologists  should  be  careful  about  recommending 
arsenicals  for  such  crops  as  cabbages  and  currants.  While  there  is  no 
doubt  that  arsenicals  can  be  used  safely  on  these  crops,  if  used  intelli- 
gently, there  seems  to  be  unusual  danger  that  ignorant  people  will 
use  them  too  late.  Consequently  it  seems  safer  to  recommend  for 
insects  affecting  such  plants  the  less  dangerous  insecticides. 

We  have  found  this  season  that  the  use  of  a  5  per  cent  kero- water 
spray  is  entirely  efficient  against  the  cabbage  worm,  and  have  again 
demonstrated  the  effectiveness  of  insect  powder  against  the  same  pest. 
I  believe  that  for  our  New  England  conditions  these  are  the  most  sat- 
isfactory remedies. 


Mr.  Burgess  called  attention  to  the  reference  in  Mr.  Felt's  paper  to 
the  willow  curculio,  and  stated  that  during  September  of  last  year  he 
has  found  specimens  of  this  insect  at  Ashtabula,  Ohio,  which  is  in  the 
northeastern  corner  of  the  State.  This  year  it  has  been  found  in  Lake 
County,  at  a  point  30  or  40  miles  west  of  Ashtabula.  Referring  to 
Mr.  Osborn's  remarks  concerning  the  chinch  bug  in  Ohio,  he  stated 
that  early  the  present  spring  the  prospects  for  a  severe  outbreak  of 
the  chinch  bug  in  Ohio  were  very  good.     A   large  number  of  com- 


53 

plaints  has  conic  to  the  experiment  station  during  the  early  spring  in 
regard  to  this  insect,  particularly  from   the  southern,  central,  and 

southwestern  sections  of  the  State;  but  a  little  later  in  the  season, 
probably  in  June,  the  weather  became  wet.  and.  probably  owing  to  the 
increase  of  the  fungus  disease,  the  damage  decreased  to  a  great  extent. 
He  asked  if  the  disappearance  of  the  squash  bug  had  been  quite  gen- 
eral the  present  year.  He  thought  that  probably  manv  entomologists 
in  the  northeastern  United  States  had  had  a  good  manv  reports  of  it- 
extreme  destructiveness,  and  he  had  been  much  puzzled  over  the  com- 
plete disappearance  of  the  insect. 

Mr.  Felt  stated  in  reference  to  the  willow  curculio  that  he  had 
located  it  last  summer  at  a  point  in  Chautauqua  County,  where  it 
could  hardly  have  been  carried  on  stock.  In  reference  to  the  squash 
bug,  it  had  not  been  quite  so  bad  in  New  York  state  the  present  season 
as  last  year. 

Mr.  Fernald  stated  that  the  squash  bug  laid  not  been  particularly 
prevalent  in  Massachusetts  the  present  year,  while  it  had  been 
unusually  so  in  1901.  He  was.  therefore,  of  the  opinion  that  the  tes- 
timony from  Massachusetts  would  go  to  sustain  Mr.  Weed's  estimate 
for  New  Hampshire.  He  referred  to  an  interesting  German  publica- 
tion by  Bachmetjew  on  the  "Temperature  relations  of  insects."  which 
had  appeared  last  summer,  which  had  a  bearing  on  the  question  of  the 
relative  abundance  of  insects  during  different  years.  He  considered 
this  a  very  important  paper  as  relating  to  the  so-called  "critical 
point."  and  thought  the  entomologists  of  the  northern  United  States 
would  do  well  to  test  his  conclusions. 

Mr.  Weed  remarked  that  the  lack  of  precise  knowledge  concerning 
fluctuations  in  the  abundance  of  insects  had  led  him  to  state  that  he 
considered  this  one  of  the  most  important  economic  subjects  to  be  con- 
sidered at  present.  These  fluctuations  have  generally  been  attributed 
to  weather  or  natural  enemies,  and  lie  considered  that  we  knew  very 
little  in  regard  to  the  precise  role  which  natural  enemies  play  in  regard 
to  our  injurious  insects.  This  was  strongly  brought  out  by  a  series 
of  observations  by  Mr.  Fiske  and  described  in  a  paper  which  he  stated 
would  be  published  shortly.  In  this  paper  Mr.  Fiske  had  detailed 
his  observations  on  the  parasites  and  hyperparasites  of  the  American 
tent  caterpillar  for  a  period  of  several  years,  and  his  conclusions  were. 
as  he  remembered  the  matter,  that  the  parasites  had  very  little  to  do 
with  the  fluctuations  of  the  American  tent  caterpillar.  Very  often 
these  fluctuations  could  be  traced  to  the  weather,  but  on  the  whole 
very  little  was  known  as  to  the  exact  cause  which  entered  into  these 
variations.  He  thought  it  safe  to  conclude  that  the  disappearance  of 
the  tent  caterpillar  two  years  ago  was  due  to  the  extraordinary  weather 
conditions  just  after  the  hatching  of  the  young  larva',  but  he  thought 
k  important  that  definite  observations  should  be  made  along  this  line 
to  determine  as  accurately  as  possible  the  real  factors  concerned. 


54 

Mr.  Hopkins  stated  that  there  was  a  possibility  of  variation  in  a 
species  having  something  to  do  with  its  change  in  habit  from  an  enemy 
of  secondary  to  one  of  primary  importance.  Referring  again  to  the 
species  Deftdroctonus  frontalis,  he  had  concluded,  after  a  study  of 
many  hundreds  specimens,  that  it  was  a  variety  of  this  which  was  so 
destructive  to  the  pine  forests  in  West  Virginia,  and  that  it  had  appar- 
ently varied  from  the  typical  species  in  a  way  to  enable  it  to  become 
more  destructive.  He  thought  that  if  it  is  possible  for  it  to  vary  in 
that  direction  it  is  also  possible  for  it  to  vary  in  another  direction,  and 
thus  become  more  sensitive  to  climatic  and  other  conditions  which 
would  exterminate  it,  as  it  was  exterminated  b}T  the  severe  cold  of  1893. 

Mr.  Felt  called  attention  again  to  the  forest  tent  caterpillar  and  stated 
that  in  New  York  State  at  least  the  evidence  was  very  largely  in  favor 
of  the  insect  being  controlled  by  its  natural  enemies,  for  the  simple 
reason  that,  in  looking  over  the  infested  areas,  it  is  found  that  the 
places  where  it  is  most  abundant  move  gradual^  awa}T  from  the  locality 
where  the  original  outbreak  occurred.  These  localities  of  severe  infes- 
tation have  been  moving  eastward  in  New  York  State,  and  he  could 
readily  see  how  parasites  or  natural  enemies  might  become  locally 
abundant  on  account  of  the  numbers  of  the  caterpillars. 

Mr.  Weed  agreed  with  the  opinion  held  by  Mr.  Felt,  and  mentioned 
one  or  two  localities  in  New  Hampshire  which  supported  this  view. 
He  spoke  of  one  region  where  the  Dipterous  enemies  were  very 
abundant. 

Mr.  Felt  remarked  that  in  regard  to  the  tussock  moth  in  Washing- 
ton, he  believed  it  to  be  held  that  this  insect  had  been  largely  checked 
by  its  parasites. 

Mr.  Skinner  stated  that  he  recalled  Mr.  Howard's  statement  in  ref- 
erence to  this  point,  and  said  that  the  same  condition  was  true  in  Phila- 
delphia. It  had  been  his  observation  that  parasites  increased  largely 
during  the  abundance  of  their  hosts. 

Mr.  Osborn  stated  that  from  his  point  of  view  it  was  evident  that 
there  was  some  general  influence  affecting  the  abundance  of  insects, 
and  that  there  must  be  some  widespread  condition  also  affecting  para- 
sites. The  squash  bug  had  been  present  in  Ohio,  but  not  so  abundant 
as  last  year.  He  had  observed  that  a  considerable  number  hibernated 
during  the  past  winter.  The  chinch  bug  hibernated  last  year  in  large 
numbers  and  promised  to  do  a  great  deal  of  damage  the  present  sea- 
son, but  early  summer  rains  came  in  such  quantities  that  the  insects 
were  destroyed.  They  practically  disappeared  in  injurious  numbers 
after  the  first  of  July.  The  cankerworm  had  been  very  abundant  in 
Ohio,  and  the  fall  cankerworn  had  appeared  in  considerable  numbers, 
and  he  thought  it  likely  that  it  would  prove  quite  abundant  in  the 
spring. 

Referring  again  to  the  forest  tent  caterpillar,  Mr.  Weed  stated  that 
in    New  Hampshire,  to  which  State  his  remarks  referred,  the  facts 


55 

appeared  to  be  that  the  caterpillars  hatched  and  died  at  tin1  time  <>t*  a 
very  severe  frost  in  the  middle  of  May.  Mr.  Fiske  had  visited  the 
infested  regions  and  saw  the  caterpillars  after  having  hatched  from  the 
eggs,  and  later  they  had  disappeared.  He  thought  there  were  no 
parasites  that  could  have  been  at  work  during  the  brief  interval 
between  their  appearance  and  disappearance. 

Mr.  Alwood  observed  that  many  of  the  entomologists  were  obliged 
to  give  practically  all  their  attention  to  a  few  practical  problems.  He 
had  heard  some  mention  concerning  the  leaf  aphids  of  the  apple.  This 
pes!  had  become  more  and  more  troublesome  in  Virginia  and  it  had 
been  his  custom  to  destroy  the  eggs  in  winter  by  spraying  with  lye. 
He  had  felt  quite  sure  that  a  great  many  were  destroyed  in  this  way. 
Yet  last  winter,  although  tin4  lye  treatment  had  been  given,  the  apple- 
leaf  aphids  had  developed  enormously  and  threatened  to  do  great 
harm.  It  was  therefore  necessary  to  spray  them  with  a  soap  wash 
as  the  buds  opened.  It  was  his  idea  that  this  insect  should  be  treated 
in  winter  by  destroying  the  eggs,  and  the  question  was  brought  up  to 
draw  out  the  experience  of  others  in  reference  to  winter  treatment  of 
this  pest. 

Referring  to  the  woolly  aphis  of  the  apple,  Mr.  Alwood  stated  that 
it  had  become  exceedingly  injurious  in  Virginia.  Its  occurrence  in 
nurseries  was  the  source  of  considerable  concern,  and  he  had  not  been 
able  to  find  a  practical  method  of  helping  the  nurserymen.  Something 
was  needed  that  was  entirely  practical  and  that  could  be  easily  applied 
to  the  young  growing  plants,  and  not  too  expensive.  lie  desired  to 
know  if  anyone  had  had  experience  in  treating  this  insect  on  a  large 
scale.  Mr.  Alwood  also  inquired  if  anyone  had  actually  and  positively 
determined  where  the  female  insect  naturally  deposits  her  egg.  He 
referred  to  the  considerable  literature  on  this  subject,  and  he  had  him- 
self found  eg-o-s.  which  he  supposed  to  be  those  of  this  insect,  but 
when  hatched  they  were  not  Schisoneura  lanigera.  lie  had  been  able 
to  secure  large  numbers  of  eggs  in  confinement  and  a  few  of  these  had 
hatched,  but  he  had  never  succeeded  in  raising  a  stem  mother  to 
maturity.  He  had  spent  considerable  time  on  the  life  history  of  this 
species,  but  had  never  quite  completed  the  lite  cycle.  He  desired 
information  on  this  species,  and  also  why  it  is  this  pest  develops  on 
new  land  in  such  enormous  numbers  in  the  course  of  a  year  or  two. 
thus  ruining  sometimes  as  much  as  7.~>  per  cent  of  the  nursery  trees. 

Mr.  Marlatt  said  that  Dr.  Howard  had  made  some  careful  studies  of 
Schizoneura lanigera  in  1878-79  (recorded  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  L879,  p.  259).  These  Included  the  discov- 
ery of  the  true  sexed  generation  and  the  winter  egg,  the  latter  attached 
within  crevices  of  the  bark. 

Mr.  Hopkins  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  Mr.  Rumsey,  of  the 
West  Virginia  Experiment  Station,  had  prepared  a  thois  on  Schist)- 


56 

neura  (  Thysoruna)  lemigera  while  at  Cornell  University.  He  consid- 
ered it  a  most  excellent  piece  of  work,  which  as  yet  was  unpublished. 
Mr.  Hopkins  desired  to  know  the  present  status  of  the  gypsy  moth. 

M  r.  Fernald  replied  that  he  had  been  all  over  the  gypsy  moth  terri- 
tory several  times  during  the  past  summer.  At  the  time  when  work 
with  this  insect  ceased,  owing  to  cessation  of  support  from  the  legisla- 
ture, the  gypsy  moth  territory  had  been  exceedinglv  reduced,  and  in 
the  greater  part  of  that  territory  the  moth  could  not  be  found  at  all, 
except  a  straggler  here  and  there,  but  it  would  take  da}rs  of  hunting 
to  find  it.  In  the  original  centers  of  infestation,  namely,  Medford. 
Maiden,  and  Belmont,  the  moth  was  still  in  fair  abundance.  The 
work  during  the  later  years  had  been  to  drive  the  insect  toward  the 
center  from  the  outside.  It  is  not  three  years  since  the  work  stop- 
ped, and  the  moth  is  as  yet  scarcely  anywhere  as  abundant  as  it  was 
when  at  its  worst.  So  far  as  he  was  able  to  judge,  the  moth  had 
nowhere  spread  to  its  original  outside  bounds,  but  it  was  very  bad  in  a 
number  of  places. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned,  to  reassemble  on  the  following  day  at 
10  a.  m. 

MORNING  SESSION— SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  27,  190$. 

Mr.  Marlatt  gave  an  illustrated  lecture  on  applied  entomology  in 
Japan,  covering  the  subject  of  entomological  schogjs  and  establish- 
ments and  the  practical  workers  in  the  science,  and  also  a  general 
account  of  the  principal  insect  enemies  of  the  more  important  fruits 
and  held  crops.  The  lecture  was  illustrated  by  lantern  slides  of  ento- 
mological establishments,  charts  of  important  insects,  and  nearly  a 
hundred  views  of  agricultural  and  horticultural  scenes.  The  follow- 
ing paper  is  an  abstract  by  the  author: 

APPLIED  ENTOMOLOGY  IN  JAPAN. 

P>y  C.  L.  Marlatt. 

OFFICIAL   ECONOMIC   ENTOMOLOGY. 

The,  study  of  insects  injurious  to  agriculture  and  horticulture  has 
an  official  status  in  Japan  in  connection  with  the  department  of  agri- 
culture and  commerce,  and  with  agricultural  colleges  and  experiment 
stations  very  much  as  in  this  country.  At  the  central  experiment  sta- 
tion at  Nishigahara,  near  Tokyo,  is  a  well-equipped  entomological 
laboratory  and  experimental  greenhouse  and  gardens,  looked  after  hj 
four  or  five  capable  entomologists  under  the  direction  of  the  chief 
entomologist,  Mr.  S.  Onuki.  This  is  the  central  and  chief  entomo- 
logical bureau  of  the  Empire.     Some  rattier  bulky  monographs,  giv- 


57 

ing  evidence  of  being  valuable  productions  on  rice  insects  and  insecl 
pests  of  other  crops,  have  been  recently  issued  from  this  laboratory. 
The  entomologists  connected  with  it  also  make  frequent  trips  of  inspec- 
tion throughout  Japan  and  give  lectures  and  talks  before  agricultural 
societies  and  bodies  of  farmers,  carrying  instruction  in  this  way  into 
the  very  homes  of  the  people.  Popular  publications  and  placards  are 
also  issued.  There  are  nine  branches  of  this  central  experiment  sta- 
tion and.  in  addition,  many  provincial  stations.  Several  of  these  have 
entomologists,  and  in  some  cases  very  creditable  laboratories,  as,  for 
example,  at  Kumamoto,  in  the  island  of  Kyushu,  where  Mr.  K.  S. 
Snoshima  is  doing  most  excellent  work. 

The  important  agricultural  colleges,  as,  for  example,  the  one-  at 
Komaba,  Sapporo,  and  Kumamoto  give  instruction  in  applied  ento- 
mology, and  have  capable  men  in  charge.  Many  of  us  are  familiar 
with  the  excellent  work  done  by  Prof.  M  Matsumura.  of  the  agricul- 
tural college  at  Sapporo,  and  of  the  work  of  Prof.  S.  Sasaki,  of  the 
agricultural  school  at  Komaba,  a  branch  of  the  Imperial  University  at 
Tokyo.  In  the  regular  instruction  in  zoology,  also  at  the  Imperial 
University  in  Tokyo,  Prof.  S.  Watase  is  giving  special  prominence  to 
systematic  entomology. 

EARLl     NATIVE    WORK    IN    ENTOMOLOGY. 

Any  review  of  the  work  in  economic  entomology  in  Japan  must 
include  an  account  of  her  pioneer  and  foremost  entomologist,  Mr. 
Yasuchi  Nawa,  of  Gifu.  Among  the  pleasantest  features  of  the 
writer's  trip  in  Japan  were  two  visits  paid  to  Mr.  Nawa's  establishment 
in  the  inland  citv  of  Gifu,  lying  in  the  great  interior  valley  of  the  main 
island  of  Hondo.  Mr.  Nawa's  interest  in  the  subject  developed  at  an 
early  age,  and  has  been  actively  prosecuted  for  the  last  twenty-five  or 
thirty  year-  with  the  greatest  enthusiasm  in  his  establishment,  a  sort 
of  entomological  academy  or  school  housed  in  a  considerable  series  of 
buildings.  His  own  work  and  that  of  his  students  and  assistants  in 
systematic  and  applied  entomology  is  of  a  most  excellent  character, 
and  compares  favorably  with  that  of  our  own  agricultural  colleges  and 
experiment  stations.  It  will  be  remembered  that  among  the  best  of 
the  collection-  of  foreign  insects  exhibited  at  the  World'-  Fair  in  Chi- 
cago in  1893  was  one  made  by  Mr.  Nawa.  and  this  collection  was  after- 
wards most  generously  donated  to  the  National  Museum. 

Mr.  Nawa's  academy  is  attended  by  advanced  students  and  also  by 
tea*  hers  and  instructor.-  from  various  educational  institutions,  coll. 
and  universities  of  the  Empire.  Most  of  these  students  an-  men  of 
mature  years  who  are  attracted  by  the  fame  of  Mr.  Nawa  and  his  work 
and  wish  to  tit  themselves  U>v  teaching  entomology  or  for  special  work 
in  the  field  of  applied  entomology.     Mr.  Nawa  is  now  50  years  old. 


58 


Translation  op  Plate  I.n 

Title:   I  LUSTRATIONS  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS. 

No.  12,  Tmmaguro  yokobai.     Food  plant,  rice. 

[Translation.]     No.  12,  Tmmaguro  yokobai  {Selenocephalus  cincticeps) ;  food  plant,  Ine 

(Oryza  sativa). 

Description  of  Insect  and  Illustration. 

The  Tmmaguro  yokobai  belongs  to  the  half-winged  class  of  insects,  and  is  the  kind 
known  as  a  leaf-hopping  insect.  It  has  four  or  five  broods  a  year,  and  is  especially 
an  enemy  of  the  rice  fields,  where  it  extracts  the  juices  from  this  plant,  killing  it  or 
greatly  lessening  the  yield.  The  male  of  this  insect  has  the  tips  of  the  wings  black, 
but  the  tips  of  the  wings  of  the  female  are  uncolored.  The  eggs  are  placed  beneath 
or  inside  the  sheath  of  the  leaves  of  rice,  from  10  to  20  together,  and  that  part  of  the 
leaf  covering  the  eggs  generally  changes  later  to  brown.  The  young  insect  appears 
in  two  colors,  one  yellow  and  the  other  grayish  black.  When  the  rice  comes  into 
head,  these  insects  gather  on  the  ripening  grain  and  extract  the  juices  to  such  an 
extent  that  the  seeds  become  a  mere  shell.  During  the  winter  this  insect  inhabits 
grassy  strips  along  the  roads  and  paths,  and  is  especially  found  on  the  grass  Astra- 
galus latoides.  To  control  this  insect  the  rice  seed-beds  should  be  carefully  planted 
in  narrow  rectangles  instead  of  in  a  solid  mass,  and  all  farmers  should  cooperate  in 
this  respect.  To  collect  and  destroy  the  insects  these  beds  may  be  gone  over  with 
special  collecting  machines  or  by  sprinkling  the  water  covering  the  seed  beds  with 
kerosene  oil  and  brushing  the  insects  into  it.  It  is  desirable  to  protect  the  parasitic 
enemies  of  this  pest. 

Explanation  of  illustration. — a,  eggs,  enlarged;  b,  single  egg,  still  more  enlarged; 
c,  young  insect  after  the  second  molt;  d,  after  the  third  molt;  e,  pupal  stage;  /,  male 
insect;  (j,  female  insect;  h,  insects  injuring  the  rice  plant,  natural  size;  ?,  discolora- 
tion of  leaves  and  stem  of  rice  as  result/ of  work  of  this  insect;  j,  bee  parasite  of  egg, 
greatly  enlarged.     [Japanese  lettering  rendered  in  English.] 

lettering  of  right  side. 

( '« >pyrighted.     Printed  33d  year  Meiji,  November  26;  issued  same  year,  December  2. 
Price  15  cents.     Illustration  by  Shichiro  Ito. 

LETTERING    OF    LEFT   SIDE. 

Author  and  publisher,  Yasuchi  Nawa,  prefecture  of  Gifu,  Gifu  City.  Printer, 
Matsntaro  Okunia.  Place  of  publication,  The  Nawa  Insect  Laboratory,  Gifu,  Kyo- 
inachi. 


oThe  translation  <>t"  Plates  T  and  IT  was  very  kindly  made  for  the  writer  by  Mr.  Masanao  Hanihan- 
third  secretary  of  the  Japanese  Legation,  Washington. 


Jul.  40,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  I. 


yohobau  {Cwnocephmus  aucTiem )  Food '/Jot  ImiOhru  sa  i 


■ 

■ 

■ 


Japanese  Insect  Placard,  Showing  Enemy  of  Rice  Plant. 


59 

and  has  devoted  his  life  to  this  work  from  pure  love  of  the  subject  and 
with  very  little  aid  other  than  the  laboratory  U^^.  and  the  results  which 
lave  followed  from  his  industry  and  enthusiasm  arc  truly  remarkable. 
In  recent  years  the  Government  has  recognized  the  extreme  value  of 
lis  work  in  education  and  the  study  of  economic  problems  in  entomol- 
ogy, and  there  is  a  proposition  now  on  foot  to  give  him  a  regular  sub- 
sidy, small  in  amount  but  sufficient  to  enable  him  to  continue  his  work 
with  greater  confidence. 

At  the  time  of  my  first  visit  to  Gifu  an  annual  provincial  fair  was 
in  progress,  and  Mr.  Nawa  was  also  giving  an  entomological  exposi- 
tion  for  which  he  had  been  preparing  for  a  number  of  years.  This 
exhibit  was  open  to  the  Japanese  public,  and  streams  of  visitors  were 
going  through  the  gates  and  paying  the  small  fee  to  study  it.  It 
comprised  very  much  such  an  exhibit  as  would  be  made  at  one  of 
our  general  expositions,  filled  several  large  rooms,  and  included  cases 
illustrating  the  life,  habits,  and  means  of  control  of  injurious  insects, 
many  illuminated  charts  and  photographs  representing  insect  work. 
life-history  studies,  and  classification,  also  models  of  machinery •  for 
the  collection  and  destruction  of  insects,  and,  i 1 1  fact,  a  complete 
exhibit  of  a  most  creditable  order. 

The  work  of  Mr.  Nawa  and  his  school  finds  its  popular  exploitation 
■trough  a  monthly  magazine  edited  by  Mr.  Nawa  entitled  "The  Insect 
World/'  Mr.  Nawa  also  prepares  and  publishes  large  charts,  each 
representing  one  of  the  more  important  of  the  injurious  insect  pests 
of  rice,  mulberry,  or  other  crop  or  fruit.  These  charts  illustrate  in 
color  the  damage  to  the  plant  and  the  insect  in  all  stages,  give  a  com- 
plete record  of  the  insect's  habits  for  the  year,  and  detail  means  of 
control,  and  are  designed  to  be  posted  in  public  places  and  offices  for 
the  benefit  and  instruction  of  the  rural  classes.  (See  Pis.  I  and  II.) 
A  great  many  such  charts  have  already  been  published,  copies  of  most 
of  which  were  given  to  me.  They  are  examples  of  the  practical  nature 
of  the  work  which  this  school  is  putting  forth.  In  technical  entomol- 
ogy some  very  important  monographs  have  been  published  which, 
unfortunately,  are  sealed  works  so  far  as  the  western  reader  i-  con- 
cerned. 

Mr.  Nawa  is  very  materially  assisted  by  his  daughter.  Mi--  Taka 
Nawa.  an  only  child,  who  has  inherited  her  father's  love  for  the  study 
of  insects  and  is  endowed  with  very  decided  artistic  talent,  and  i-  to 
he  credited  with  many  of  the  beautiful  illustrations  of  insects  which 
appear  in  the  magazine  referred  to  and  in  the  economic  circular-  and 
other  publications. 

If  space  permitted,  mention  should  be  made  of  several  of  the  assist- 
ants and  associates  who  are  most  efficiently  aiding  in  Mr.  Nawa'-  school 
and  economic  work. 


60 


Translation  of  Plate  II. 
Title:  [ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  INJURIOUS  [NSEOTS. 

1.    Eda  shakutori — Food-plant,  Mulberry. 

[Translation.]     l.    Eda  shakutori  (Hemirophilaatrilineata);  food-plant — Kuwa  (  Morns 

alba). 

Description  of  Insect  and  Illustration-. 

The  Eda  shakutori  belongs  to  the  scale-winged  class  of  insects  or  moths,  and  causes 
greal  injury  to  mulberry  trees.  It  occurs  throughout  Japan,  but  is  not  always  recog- 
nized, because  in  the  larval  stage  it  mimics  a  dead  branch  and  is  with  difficulty  seen. 
There  are  numerous  methods  of  getting  rid  of  this  insect,  but  the  best  one  consists  in 
collecting  the  caterpillars  in  early  spring  about  the  time  when  the  leaves  are  coming 
out.  In  doing  this  the  specimens  which  have  been  killed  by  the  parasitic  bee  should 
not  be  destroyed. 

Explanation  of  illustration. — a,  eggs  of  this  insect  on  the  lower  surface  of  the 
leaf;  b,  egg,  much  enlarged;  c,  larva  after  second  resting  stage,  as  it  appears  in  early 
spring  about  the  time  the  buds  are  coming  out;  d,  larva  after  third  stage,  illustrating 
manner  of  traveling  by  looping  its  body;  c,  larva  in  resting  position,  resembling  a 
dead  branch  attached  or  steadied  by  a  line  or  thread  running  from  the  head  to  twig; 
/,  cocoon  secreted  in  decayed  hollow  of  tree;  g,  chrysalis;  1i,  male  moth;  i,  female 
moth;  j,  larva  killed  by  parasitic  wasp  and  inflated  with  cocoons  of  latter;  k,  male 
and  female  parasites;  /,  calendar  showing  yearly  cycle  of  this  insect  [outer  figures 
representing  the  months,  counting  from  the  top  of  the  calendar  from  right  to  left; 
inner  figures,  counting  again  from  right  to  left,  representing  (1)  egg  stage,  (2)  larval 
stage,  (3)  pupal  stage,  and  (4)  adult  stage;  in  other  words,  representing  the  winter 
in  the  larval  stage;  May  and  June,  pupa  stage;  July,  adult  stage;  July  and  August, 
egg;  August  and  September,  larva;  September  and  first  of  October,  pupa;  October, 
adult  and  egg  stage,  and  winter,  larval  stage  again].  [Japanese lettering  rendered  in 
English.] 

LETTERING    OF    RIGHT   SIDE. 

Third  edition.  Copyrighted.  Printed  Meiji,  year  31,  February  25,  issued  Feb- 
ruary 28.  Second  edition  same  year,  printed  December  10,  issued  the  same  date. 
Third  edition,  Meiji,  33d  year,  October  10.  Price,  ~  15  cents.  Illustration  by 
Shichiro  Ito. 

LETTERING    OF    LEFT   SIDE. 

Author  and  publisher,  Vasuchi  Nawa.  Prefecture  of  Gifu,  Gifu  City.  Printer, 
Matsutaro  Okuma.  Place  of  publication,  the  Nawa  Insect  Laboratory,  Gifu, 
Kyomachi. 


Bui.  40,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture 


Plate  II. 


<ffr  ^    Mk  ^ 


No.]  Eda  si  ml,  ii  I  on    Hemirophilaatriuneata  Huh! } plant hinni  Morijsalba 


Japanese  Insect  Placard,  Showing  Enemy  of  Mulberry. 


61 

OTHER    PRIVATE    ESTABLISHMENTS. 

There  are  a  few  other  private  establishments  for  the  studj   of  ento 
mology  in  Japan;  for  example,  that  of  Baron  Takaehiho,  in  the  island 
of  Kyushu.     Here  in  a  well-equipped  entomological  laboratory  excel 
lent  work  is  being  done  by  the  baron,  assisted  by  an  enthusiastic  corps 
of  worker-,  and   including  Mr.  S.  I.  Kuwana,  whose  publications  <»n 
Coccidae  are  well  known  on  this  side. 

CONTROL   OF    RICE    tNSECl  S. 

Applied  entomology  in  Japan  received  a  great  impetus  a  few  years 
ago  from  the  enormous  destruction  occasioned  t<>  rice  fields  03  certain 
species  of  Jassids.  The  loss  in  a  single  year  from  these  insects  was 
estimated  at  20,000,000  yen  (^lo, 000,000).  The  results  of  the  studies 
which  followed  this  great  loss  have  been  the  devising  of  methods 
effectively  preventing  such  occurrences  in  the  future.  These  Jassids 
do  their  greatest  damage  to  the  seed  beds  little  flooded  areas  thickly 
planted  with  rice,  which,  after  having  made  a  groM  t  h  of  6  or  s  indie-. 
B  transplanted  to  the  fields.  It  is  found  possible  to  destroy  the  first 
brood  of  these  insects  in  the  seed  beds  by  the  method  which  we 
employ  to  destroy  mosquitoes,  namely,  covering  the  surface  of  the 
water  with  kerosene.  Immediately  after  flooding  with  a  film  of  oil 
the  rice  is  brushed  in  such  a  way  that  the  Jassids  are  knocked  into  the 
water.  Tin'  oil  is  then  washed  off  by  allowing  water  to  run  freely 
through  the  beds.  In  reply  to  questions  as  to  the  possibility  of  using 
this  oil  to  destro}T  mosquitoes,  which  breed  in  numbers  in  rice  beds  and 
in  rice  fields,  it  was  shown  that  this  was  impracticable,  because  the  oil 
could  not  be  left  on  the  rice  fields  for  any  Length  of  time  without 
injury  to  the  plants. 

In  the  trip  through  the  island  of  Shikoku  during  the  month  of  June 
the  system  of  Government  rice  inspection  and  the  enforcement  of  the 
kerosene  treatment  was  observed  in  operation.  Supervisory  and 
police  regulations  have  been  enacted,  compelling  the  general  adoption 
of  this  means  of  controlling  these  pests.  This  work  is  under  the 
general  supervision  of  the  central  experiment  station  of  the  depart 
ment  of  agriculture  in  Tokio,  but  is  carried  out  by  provincial  author- 
ities. Rice  inspectors,  or  more  properly,  rice  seed-bed  inspectors, 
are  sent  out  from  the  provincial  experiment  stations,  of  which  there 
are  now  some  32  in  as  many  provinces,  in  addition  to  the  9  branches 
of  the  central  experiment  station  of  'Tokio.  The  number  of  inspectors 
lor  each  province  range-  from  5  to  L5,  and  it  is  their  duty  to  visit 
every  one  of  the  innumerable  little  farm  holding-  and  see  that  the 
plantings  for  the  rice  seed  bed-  have  been  made  according  to  rule  and 
the  operations  against  the  insects  have  been  properly  carried  out 
Fines  for  improperly  planting  or  for  omission  of  remedial  treatment 


62 

range  from  50  sen  (25  cents)  for  the  first  offense  to  5  yen  ($2.50)  or 
more  for  the  second  or  later  cases  of  neglect.  The  regulations  are  to 
plant  these  seed  beds  in  patches  4  feet  in  width  with  a  small  path 
between.,  and  to  attend  at  the  proper  season  to  the  kerosene  treatment. 
The  planting  in  4- foot  strips  instead  of  in  a  broad  bed,  as  was  formerly 
the  custom,  is  to  facilitate  the  going  through  the  beds  and  knocking  the 
rice  and  jarring  the  insects  into  the  kerosene-covered  water.  These 
Jassids  are  the  most  important  insect  enemies  of  the  rice  in  Japan, 
but  many  other  rice  insects  have  been  studied  and  the  information 
gained  has  been  exploited  by  means  of  popular  circulars.  One  of 
these  placards  or  circulars  is  illustrated  in  Plate  I. 

ANCIENT   METHODS   OF    INSECT   CONTROL. 

Prior  to  the  enormous  development  of  applied  entomologj"  in  Japan 
practically  on  the  lines  followed  in  the  United  States  there  were 
undoubtedly  certain  native  methods  of  controlling  insect  pests.  These 
for  the  most  part  were  purely  hand  methods,  which  were  especially 
applicable  on  account  of  the  tin}T  areas  under  the  supervision  of  indi- 
vidual cultivators,  the  rice  fields  often  being  only  a  few  yards  square, 
and  the  orchards  and  gardens  covering  only  very  small  fractions  of  an 
acre,  and  perhaps  rarely  two  or  three  acres.  Mr.  Hagino,  secretary 
of  the  local  agricultural  society  of  Okayama,  in  the  province  of  Bizen, 
informed  the  writer  that  during  winter  as  a  means  of  eradicating  scale 
insects,  principally  the  Diaspis  on  the  peach  and  the  Leucaspis  on 
pear,  he  had  all  of  his  trees  given  a  thorough  scraping  with  a  little 
oval  knife  or  blade  made  from  bamboo,  and  washed  the  trunks  and 
limbs  at  the  same  time  with  salt  water  of  about  the  strength  of  ocean 
water.  The  low  pruning  of  these  trees  and  the  growing  of  most  of 
them  on  trellises,  after  the  fashion  of  grapevines,  rendered  it  compara- 
tively eas}r  to  go  over  the  trunk  and  branches  very  thoroughly.  The 
work  was  done  by  women,  who  were  able  to  clean  about  30  trees  a  day. 
With  labor  as  cheap  as  it  is  in  Japan  this  system  is  undoubtedly  inex- 
pensive and  fairly  effective. 

In  the  adjoining  province  of  Bitchu  a  proprietor  of  a  considerable 
orchard,  Mr.  Watanabe,  the  pioneer  of  the  fruit  industry  in  that  region, 
in  his  work  against  insects  employs  a  lot  of  boys  to  beat  his  trees 
(peach  and  plum)  and  collect  and  kill  curculios  and  case-bearers,  the 
latter  being  picked  off  by  hand.  The  curculio  is  jarred  to  the  ground 
by  a  quick  stroke  given  to  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  and  is  readily 
detected  by  the  sharp-eyed  bo\Ts  and  promptly  crushed.  By  the  same 
hand  methods  peach  curl  and  blight  are  removed  from  trees. 

In  northern  Japan  a  primitive  method  of  insect  control  was  wit- 
nessed in  a  vineyard.  A  patriarchal  Japanese  gentleman,  clad  in 
nothing  but  his  loin  cloth,  the  season  being  in  August  and  very  hot, 
was  observed  going  slowly  about  underneath  the  trellises  of  a  vine- 


63 

yard  of  an  acre  or  more  in  extent,  evidently  engaged  in  collecting 
insects.  He  carried  a  stick  or  wand  in  one  hand  and  long  shears  in 
the  other.  The  end  of  the  stick  had  been  dipped  in  some  sort  of 
insect  lime,  and  it  proved  that  he  was  collecting  hornets  and  wasps, 
which  were  presumably  injuring  the  ripening  grapes.  His  method 
consisted  in  deftly  touching  the  wasp  with  his  wand  and  catching  ii 
upon  the  lime,  and  then  promptly  cutting  ii  intwowith  his  shears. 
lie  was  so  intensely  interested  in  this  occupation  that  he  paid  no 
attention  to  my  presence. 

sli.K    [NDUSTR1  . 

The  importance  of  the  silk  crop  of  Japan  has  led  t<>  a  good  deal  of 
experimental  work  in  connection  with  some  of  the  agricultural  stations 
looking  to  improvement  of  methods  of  silk  culture.  The  insect  ene- 
mies of  the  mulberry  have  also  been  vrery  carefully  studied.  A  con- 
sideration of  the  silk  industry  as  a  whole  in  Japan  would  be  out  of 
place  in  this  connection.  It  is  an  industry  which  extend-  practically 
throughout  the  Empire,  the  most  important  district,  perhaps,  being 
in  north  central  Japan,  especially  about  Fukuoka,  when-  the  mul- 
berry is  grown  in  great  quantities  and  in  orchards  of  considerable 
extent.  Elsewhere,  as  a  rule,  it  i-  grown  a-  a  hedge  plant  or  in  little 
garden  patches.  The  trees  are  cut  back  each  year.  SO  that  they  often 
pave  the  appearance  of  osier  willow  stumps.  Sometime-  the  young 
leafy  branches  are  tied  up  in  great  bundles  and  carried  to  the  villages 
to  be  sold  to  local  silk  raisers,  a  fairly  fixed  price  being  received  for 
these  mulberry  shoots,  which  may  he  kept  for  several  day-  if  stored 
in  a  cool,  dark  place.  There  is,  therefore,  a  regular  business  of  sup- 
plying and  selling  leaves  as  well  as  of  raising  -mail  batches  of  worms. 
The  silk  output  of  Japan  is  the  accumulation  of  the  small  productions 
of  million-  of  people  rather  than  of  large  cooperative  or  individual 
operations. 


Following  this  lecture  Mr.  Simpson  read  the  following  paper,  also 

illustrated  with  lantern  slides: 

OBSERVATIONS    UPON    THE     LIFE     HISTORY    OF    THE    CODLING 

MOTH. 

By  C.  B.  Simpson,  Washington,  />.  <  . 

During  the  past  three  seasons  the  writer  has  been  studying  the  cod 
ling-  moth  in  the  Pacific  Northwest  under  direction  of  Dr.  Howard. 
The  insect  in  some  localities  of  that  region  was  injuring  practically  all 

of  the  apples,  and  unless  some  mean-  were  found  of  controlling  it. 
abandonment  of  apple  culture  on  a  commercial  scale  was  being  seri- 

ou-lv  considered  bv  main  growers. 


64 

A  complete  report  of  this  investigation  is  now  in  course  of  prepara- 
tion, and  at  this  time  it  is  thought  appropriate  to  give  some  of  the 
more  interesting  and  important  results  obtained  by  a  study  of  the  life 
history. 

In  1897  Professor  Card  noticed  that  the  larvae  which  hatched  from 
eggs  laid  upon  the  leaves  would  eat  out  considerable  portions  of  the 
leaves  before  entering  the  fruit.  This  was  stated  to  occur  more  fre- 
quently in  cages  than  in  the  held. 

In  Farmers1  Bulletin  No.  127  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  Mr. 
Marlatt  notes  these  observations  and  suggests  that  the  larva1  are  killed 
by  eating  the  leaves. 

Professor  Cordley  found  the  past  season  that  two  young  larva?  just 
hatched  tunneled  into  the  midrib  of  the  leaves,  and  one  of  these  fed 
until  it  was  about  full  grown.  In  a  letter  to  the  writer,  he  concludes 
as  follows: 

I  believe  that  with  careful  attention  it  could  have  been  brought  to  maturity  on  a 
diet  of  leaves  alone.  When  one  considers  that  it  lived  and  grew  for  more  than  three 
weeks  upon  leaves  that  had  been  severed  from  the  tree,  sometimes  for  several  days, 
and  that  it  was  apparently  more  thrifty  between  June  16  and  25  than  in  the  earlier 
days  of  its  existence,  one  must  acknowledge  that,  while  the  proof  is  by  no  mean.* 
positive,  the  indications  are  that  codling  moth  larvaB  may  fully  develop  on  a  diet  of 
perfectly  fresh  apple  leaves  without  ever  having  tasted  fruit. 

The  writer  has  many  times  taken  both  young  and  old  larva?  and  fed 
them  for  some  time  upon  leaves,  and  they  seemed  to  thrive  upon  this 
diet,  but  on  account  of  lack  of  care  and  attention  I  never  brought  any 
to  maturity.  The  older  larvae  eat  the  leaves  by  folding  them  together 
and  eating  out  irregular  holes.  Many  observers  have  noted  that  the 
larva?  feed  for  several  days  in  the  calyx  when  they  enter  at  that  place. 
On  examination  of  the  tissue  of  the  calyx  one  can  see  that  its  struc- 
ture is  much  like  that  of  leaves.  General  results  obtained  by  spray- 
ing were  very  satisfactory,  and  the  efficiency  of  the  sprajmig  can  not 
be  accounted  for  by  the  entrance  holes  in  the  fruit  in  which  the  larvae 
are  found  to  have  died.  In  the  spring  a  great  majority  of  the  eggs 
are  laid  upon  the  leaves.  In  one  instance  one  female  moth  in  confine- 
ment laid  20  eggs  upon  the  leaves  and  1  upon  the  fruit,  while  another 
laid  22  eggs  upon  leaves  and  2  upon  the  fruit.  Professor  Cordley 
writes  that  he  has  no  record  of  a  single  egg  being  deposited  upon  the 
fruit  until  after  it  has  lost  its  pubescence.  Later  in  the  season,  par- 
ticularly with  eggs  of  the  second  generation,  the  proportion  of  eggs 
upon  fruit  and  leaves  are  found  to  vary  greatly.  Some  countings 
made  in  August,  1902,  gave  an  average  of  50  per  cent  on  fruit. 

Taking  all  the  data  into  consideration,  the  writer  believes  it  safe  to 
conclude1  that  the  larva4  of  the  codling  moth  can  reach  maturity  on  a 
diet  of  leaves  alone.  To  what  extent  this  occurs  under  normal  field 
conditions  yet  remains  to  be  determined,  but  the  writer  believes  that 


65 

the  greater  amount  of  effectiveness  of  arsenical  sprays  used  again  si 
this  insect  is  due  to  the  leaf- fee. lino-  habits  of  the  Ian  Be. 

The  question  of  the  number  of  generations  was  again  considered, 
and  all  the  data  secured  show  that  there  are  two  generations  at  Boise, 
Idaho,  and  the  possibility  of  even  a  partial  third  generation  is  very 
meager.  Professor  Aldrich  states  that  he  has  distinguished  a  partial 
third  generation  at  Lewi-ton.  Idaho,  this  past  season.  I  wish  to  call 
attention  to  a  misquotation  occurring  in  my  L901  report  in  regard  to 
Professor  Gillette's  views  as  to  the  possibility  of  a  third  generation, 
as  I  rind  that  the  definite  statement  that  a  third  generation  could  nut 
occur  was  not  made  by  Professor  Gillette. 

Mr.  Marlatt  in  L895  gave  a  relation  between  the  Dumber  of  genera- 
tions of  this  insect  and  Dr.  Merriam's  life  /one-,  in  which  he  states 
that  there  is  one  generation  in  the  Transition,  two  in  the  Upper  Aus- 
tral, and  three  in  the  Lower  Austral.  In  general.  I  find  this  to  he 
correct,  but  in  view  of  new  data  relating  to  Subzones  and  partial  gen- 
erations some  exceptions  must  he  recognized.  I  have  an  immense 
amount  of  data  on  allot'  these  points  that  i-  not  as  yet  fully  worked 
over. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  say  that  we  can  congratulate  ourselves  that 
the  codling  moth  can  he  controlled  in  the  Pacific  Northwest  by  quite 
inexpensive  methods. 


At  the  conclusion  of  this  paper  Mr.  Simpson  showed  lantern  slides, 
illustrating  the  life  history  and  numerous  methods  of  control  of  this 
insect. 

Mr.  Washburn  next  presented  the  following  paper: 

A  CRITICISM  UPON  CERTAIN  CODLING  MOTH  OBSERVATIONS. 
By  F.  I..  Washburn,  Sit.  Anthony  Park,  Minn. 

It  is  with  a  feeling  of  diffidence  that  I  address  you  on  a  topic  which 
IS  worn  so  threadbare  and  has  been  so  well  threshed  out  a-  that  of  the 
codling  moth,  and  I  feel  that  I  am  probably  taking  more  of  the  time 
of  the  association  than  is  really  my  due. 

Although  educated  in  the  East  and  living  In  past  years  in  Minnesota. 
I  have  spent  tin4  last  thirteen  years  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  hence 
come  am  on  2"  vou  as  something  of  a  tenderfoot,  though  a  tenderfoot 
from  the  West  and  not  from  the  East. 

While  at  the  California  experiment  station  last  spring  I  received 
bulletin  No.  69  from  the  Oregon  station  in  which  Mr.  Cordley,  who  is 
my  successor  there,  criticises  my  work  done  upon  the  life  history  of 
the  cod  lino-  moth  in  L892.  I  later  noted  a  criticism  much  to  the  same 
effect  from  Mr.  C.  P.  Gillette  in  the  Entomological  New-  for  dun.-  of 

22170—03 5 


66 

the  current  yc;tr.  The  work  was  done  so  long  ago  it  had  become  as  a 
closed  hook  to  me,  and  it  required  considerable  effort  to  take  up  the 
old  thread  and  recollect  just  what  I  had  in  mind  when  the  bulletin  was 
published. 

Mr.  Oordle\r  says  that  I  worked  out  the  length  of  time  required  in 
the  different  stages  of  the  life  history  of  the  first  brood  and  then 
claimed  four  broods  for  the  Willamette  Valley  in  Oregon  upon  the 
mathematical  calculation  as  to  the  time  required.  His  criticism  is  a 
just  one,  for  that  is  exactl}r  what  I  did  do,  the  very  nature  of  the  case 
making  it  impossible  to  observe  the  sequence  of  broods  with  anything 
like  exactness.  He  might  have  gone  further  in  his  criticism,  for  in 
the  bulletin  referred  to,  after  making  with  some  emphasis  the  state- 
ment that  the  moth  is  four-brooded,  I  inserted  the  accompanying  table 
as  proof  of  this,  which  table  really  disproves  rather  than  proves  it: 


Moths  emerge  from  cocoons 

Egg  laying  (when  moths  are  about  10  days  old)  . 

Hatching  of  eggs  (5  to  10  days) 

Life  of  larva?  in  apple  (4  weeks) , 

End  of  larval  and  pupal  stages  in  cocoon  (3  Aveeks) 
and  emergence  of  moths. 


June  1 
June  11 
June  21 
Julv  19 
Aug.    9 


June  20 
June  30 
July  10 
Aug.  7 
Aug.  28 


Aug.  9 
Aug.  19 
Aug.  29 

Sept.  26 
Oct.    17 


Aug.  28 
Sept.    7 
Sept.  17 
Oct.    15 
Nov.    5 
or  fol- 
lowing 
spring. 


Oct.      17 
Oct.     27 
Nov.      6 
Dec.      4 
Emerged 
the  fol- 
lowing 
spring. 


Mr.  Cordley  in  his  critical  discussion  goes  on  to  say  that  he  has 
never  been  able  to  get  a  moth  to  mature  as  late  as  October  15.  In 
fact,  he  writes  to  Mr.  Gillette  that  he  has  never  been  able  to  rear  a 
moth  later  than  September  15.  One  at  once  draws  the  inference  that 
October  15  or  before,  in  his  estimation,  marks  the  last  appearance  of 
the  imago,  and  Mr.  Gillette,  referring  to  Mr.  Cordley's  statement 
that  he  has  never  been  able  to  rear  a  moth  later  than  September  15, 
cites  it  as  proof  that  the  larva?  of  the  codling  moth  begin  to  hibernate 
in  Oregon  as  early  as  the  first  week  in  August,  which  fact  he  says 
almost  certainly  cuts  the  number  of  broods  to  two.  Mr.  Cordley 
further  sa}Ts  that  in  column  "D"  of  my  table  there  is  an  implied  infer- 
ence that  at  least  a  partial  brood  of  moths  would  appear  November  5. 
A  glance  at  the  table  will  show  that  that  matter  is  left  in  doubt.  I 
note,  too,  that  Mr.  Cordley  says  my  statement  regarding  a  third  or 
fourth  brood  at  Corvallis  is  without  any  foundation  of  fact.  What 
answer  would  he  make  then  to  the  fact  that  I  found  a  moth  out  of 
doors  as  late  as  November  15?  This  moth  must  have  originated  in  an 
egg  laid  somewhere  between  September  15  and  September  25,  which 
I  believe,  though  I  may  be  wrong  in  my  assumption,  either  points  to 
a  third  brood  or  to  such  extreme  irregularity  in  the  life  history  of  the 
moth  In  western  Oregon  as  to  preclude  a  successful  studj7  of  the 
number  of  broods. 


67 

Turning  to  Mr.  Gillette's  criticism  in  the  Entomological  News  for 
June  L902,  page  194,  I  hind  this  statement: 

In  Mr.  Washburn's  table  he  places  the  beginning  of  egg  Latching  for  the  fire! 

brood  of  moths  June  21,  for  the  Becond  br 1  A.ugus1  29,  and  for  the  third  Novem- 

ber  6,  and  the  fourth  he  does  not  give,  but  figured  like  the  others  it  would  come 
January  15,  and  the  larvae  would  not  mature  before  the  first  week  in  February.  A- 
these  dates  are  to  mark  the  appearance  of  the  brood,  the  last  brood  would  come  much 
later. 

This  statement  is  cither  very  ambiguous,  or  Mr.  Gillette  quite  mis- 
understands the  table,  for  I  meant  to  convey  the  information  thai  the 
first  brood  of  moths  appeared  June  1  or  earlier. 

Referring  to  the  table  under  discussion,  it  is  to  be  noted  that  moths 
brought  me  from  the  apple  room  on  June  ^<>  and  referred  to  in 
column  "B'1  as  brood  No.  'i  were  undoubtedly  the  latter  pari  of 
brood  No.  1.  this  first  lirood  running  from  May  L6  (since  early 
moths  appeared  May  16)  to  June  20;  hence  columns  "A"  and  "B" 
represent  the  first  l)rood  only,  and  they  are  naturally  followed  by 
rC"and"D."  In  this  way  the  table  works  out  all  right,  but  for 
two  complete  broods  and  a  possible  third,  not  for  the  fourth. 

Mr.  Cordley's  conclusions  in  1898  regarding  the  efficacy  of  spraying 
before  June  11  tallies  exactly  with  mine,  as  well  as  his  observations  as 
to  the  extreme  injury  caused  later  in  the  season.  His  note-  also  as 
to  egg  hatching  and  larva'  affecting  the  apples  (rarely  before  June  25) 
are  practically  identical  with  mine. 

In  conclusion  I  will  say  that  this  short  paper  i-  not.  a-  i-  very  evi- 
dent, an  attempt  to  justify  my  reports  in  the  Oregon  bulletin.  No.  25, 
nor  is  it  in  any  way  a  criticism  upon  the  most  thorough  work  done  by 
Mr.  Cordley.  1  have  ventured  to  present  it  with  the  intention  of 
publicly  placing  the  correct  interpretation  upon  the  table  published  in 
181*3  and  wrongfully  interpreted  at  that  time.  It  seems  to  me  that 
the  number  of  brood-  of  the  codling  moth  in  western  Oregon  is  -till 
to  be  regarded  as  a  matter  of  some  doubt. 


A  discussion  of  Mr.  Simpson's  paper  followed. 

Mr.  Washburn  inquired  <»l  Mr.  Simpson  if  there  were  but  two 
broods  of  the  codling  moth  in  western  Oregon,  and  also  desired  t<> 
know  the  significance  of  finding  u  moth  a-  late  a-  November  L5. 

Mr.  Simpson  replied  that  the  codling  moth  varied  a-  much  a-  five 
weeks  in  coming  out  in  the  spring,  lie  thought  the  finding  of  a  moth 
as  late  as  November  15  would  not  indicate  a  third  brood.  Two  gener- 
ations could  lie  accounted  for.  but  the  moths  of  a  given  generation  do 
not  all  come  out  at  the  same  time.  Some  may  come  out  five  week- 
earlier  than  others  in  the  spring. 


68 

Mr.  Washburn  thought  it  difficult  to  accurately  count  the  number 
of  broods  in  a  climate  like  that  of  Oregon,  with  which  statement  Mr. 
Simpson  fully  concurred. 

Mr.  Alwood,  referring  to  the  statement  made  by  Mr.  Simpson  of 
the  cost  of  1  cent  per  tree  for  spray,  desired  to  know  the  size  of  the 
trees.  • 

Mr.  Simpson  explained  that  the  trees  were  8  years  old  and  much 
larger  than  trees  of  this  age  in  the  East.  These  trees  produced  from 
6  to  20  boxes  of  apples,  with  a  very  good  average  of  10,  a  box  equal- 
ing approximately  a  bushel.     The  soda-lime  arsenite  was  used. 

Mr.  Burgess  desired  to  know  the  cost  and  weight  of  the  gasoline 
sprayer  tried  by  Mr.  Simpson. 

Mr.  Simpson  stated  that  the  cost  was  $320.  The  weight  had  never 
been  accurately  taken  so  far  as  he  knew. 

Mr.  Fletcher  stated  that  he  had  been  much  interested  in  Mr.  Simp- 
son's observations  in  Montana.  He  considered  the  duration  of  the 
different  broods  a  ver}T  interesting  subject  and  thought  that  the  fact 
was  established  that  there  might  be  a  considerable  variation.  He 
questioned  the  possibility  of  drawing  conclusions  from  orchard  obser- 
vations alone.  Attention  was  called  to  the  commonty  noted  occurrence, 
by  anyone  who  had  bred  insects,  that  as  large  a  proportion  as  half  of 
a  brood  might  go  over  for  a  whole  period,  until  the  next  time  of  the 
regular  occurrence  of  the  species,  and  if  such  observations  were  made 
in  the  orchard,  wrong  conclusions  might  be  drawn.  He  did  not  con- 
sider it  desirable  that  entomologists  should  speak  of  a  partial  brood. 

Mr.  Osborn  stated  that  in  determining  the  number  of  broods  he 
considered  that  if  the  average  time  of  appearance  in  greatest  abun- 
dance were  taken,  results  would  be  much  more  reliable  as  a  basis  for 
determining  the  number  of  broods.  He  mentioned  a  case  where  the 
codling  moth  appeared  as  late  as  the  latter  part  of  June  from  apples 
stored  in  a  cellar  where  it  was  rather  cool  and  development  was 
retarded. 

Mr.  Marlatt  said  that  he  was  very  much  interested  in  Mr.  Simpson's 
confirmation  of  the  feeding  of  the  larvae  on  the  leaves,  and  not  only  had 
this  been  continued,  but  our  knowledge  of  the  extent  of  such  feeding- 
had  been  much  increased.  The  work  of  some  earlier  experimenters 
and  observers  had  demonstrated  that  codling  moth  larvae  would  feed 
on  leaves,  but  that  they  did  it  normally  and  to  a  considerable  extent 
in  nature  had  not  previously  been  so  fully  demonstrated.  He  thought 
this  was  a  very  interesting  feature  of  Mr.  Simpson's  work.  It  indi- 
cated that  the  poison  catches  the  caterpillar  very  frequently  on  the 
leaves,  especially  as  it  has  been  shown  that  a  considerable  percentage 
of  the  eggs  are  placed  on  the  leaves.  When  one  comes  to  think  of  the 
matter  it  is  not  at  all  surprising  that  the  young  larva?  will  feed  on  the 
leaves.     Before  entering  the  fruit  the}T  normally  work  two  or  three 


69 

days  in  the  blossom  end  on  the  calyx,  and  the  sepals  are  practically 

leaf  tissue;  they  arc  green  and  arc  covered  with  the  leaf  hairs,  and 
are  to  all  intents  and  purposes  little  leaves. 


Mr.  Fletcher  presented  the  following  paper: 

CAN  THE  PEA  WEEVIL   BE   EXTERMINATED? 
By  Dr.  James  Fletcher,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

My  object  in  bringing  the  subject  of  the  pea  weevil  prominently 

before  this  association  is  to  make  an  appeal  for  cooperation  to  those 
of  our  members  who  hold  official  positions  in  those  States  of  the  I  fnion 
where  peas  are  grown  for  seed.  I  am  Led  to  do  this  at  the  present 
juncture  for  two  reasons.  In  the  first  place,  the  loss  from  this  insect 
i>  now  very  great,  amounting  annually  in  the  Canadian  Province  of 
Ontario  alone  to  upward  of  $1,000,000;  in  the  second  place,  because  I 
believe  that  from  certain  exceptional  features  of  this  attack,  extensive 
as  it  is,  then1  is  more  reasonable  hope  that  it  might  be  entirely  put  a 
stop  to,  than  is  often  the  case  with  an  insect  injury  of  anything  like 
the  same  magnitude:  and.  further  than  this,  because  the  present  time 
i>  most  opportune  for  making  a  special  effort.  Owing  to  the  extent 
of  this  injury,  many  growers  of  peas  have  relinquished  the  cultivation 
of  this  important  crop  over  large  areas  where,  but  for  the  depreda- 
tions of  the  pea  weevil,  it  would  be  one  of  the  most  remunerative  crops 
they  could  grow. 

The  life  history  and  habits  of  the  pea  weevil  are  probably  well 
known  to  everyone  here  present.  I  shall  therefore  merely  remind 
you  in  the  briefest  way  possible  of  the  leading  facts  which  bear  upon 
its  possible  extermination.  The  pea  weevil  i>  an  exotic  insect  which 
feeds  entirely  upon  an  exotic  plant.  It  has  no  other  know  n  food  plant 
than  the  cultivated  pea.  and  this  is  an  annual,  which  in  Canada  never 
survives  the  winter  or  produce-  a  volunteer  crop  the  second  year  from 
seeds  left  on  the  land  the  previous  year,  which  have  failed  to  germi- 
nate. The  pea  weevil  normally  passes  the  winter  inside  the  seed  peas 
and  emerges  the  following  spring  before  or  at  the  time  the  seeds  are 
sown.  A  proportion,  however,  the  number  of  which  varies  with  dif- 
ferent seasons,  emerge  during  the  same  autumn  that  the  seeds  ripen. 
leave  the  peas,  and  hibernate  in  the  perfect  state.  Thi-  autumn  emer- 
gence furnishes  one  of  the  greatest  difficulties  in  securing  an  effective 
remedy.  The  weevils  which  pass  the  winter  inside  the  peas  can  1>" 
destroyed  by  the  treatment  of  the  seed  at  any  time  before  sowing;  on 
the  other  hand,  those  which  leave  the  pea-  in  autumn  hide  in  various 
shelters  during  the  winter  and  can  not    be  reached,  but    fly  to  the  field 


70 

and,  together  with  those  which  were  contained  in  untreated  seed,  attack 
the  growing  crop.  As  soon  as  the  new  pea  pods  are  formed  the 
females  lav  their  *l^,u's  upon  them.  The  larva  on  hatching  eats  its  way 
through  tli»'  pod  and  enters  one  of  the  forming  peas.  Here  it  remains 
until  full  grown  and  before  emergence  has  destroyed  a  large  propor- 
tion of  the  contents  of  the  seed  it  infests.  This  diminution  of  the  food 
contents  of  the  grain  amounts  to  over  one-sixth  of  the  whole  of  the 
large  peas  and  nearly  half  of  the  small  varieties,  but  when  the  grain  is 
required  for  seed  the  loss  is  greater  than  this.  From  several  experi- 
ments I  have  found  that  only  about  12  per  cent  of  small  seeds  and  18 
per  cent  of  those  of  the  large  varieties  will  produce  plants,  which  are 
later  in  developing,  and  most  of  them  diminished  seriously  in  vigor 
and  crop-producing  power. 

1  have  carried  on  an  extensive  correspondence  with  pea  growers, 
grain  merchants,  and  seedsmen  with  the  object  of  discovering  their 
views  as  to  the  most  practical  method  of  controlling  the  pea  weevil, 
and  find  that  all  are  agreed  that  the  loss  is  excessive  and  that  some 
definite  action  is  urgently  needed  if  the  paying  production  of  peas 
for  home  consumption  and  export  is  to  be  preserved.  The  pea  crop 
is  one  of  special  value  to  Canadian  farmers,  not  only  because  no  other 
feed  fully  takes  its  place  as  food  for  stock  and  in  connection  with  dai- 
rying and  hog  raising,  but  on  account  of  the  high  reputation  of  Cana- 
dian and  Northern -grown  peas  on  the  European  markets.  It  is  also 
highly  advantageous  from  the  farmer's  standpoint.  The  pea  being  a 
legume,  the  soil  is  enriched  in  nitrogen  by  its  culture  and  at  the  same 
time  the  land  is  left  in  the  best  tilth  for  fall  wheat  and  other  crops. 

It  is  generally  acknowledged  that  peas  are  an  advantageous  and 
desirable  crop  to  grow,  but  it  is  now  a  fact  that,  owing  to  the  pea 
weevil,  they  are  not  being  cultivated  over  a  large  area  where  formerly 
peas  of  the  very  first  quality  wrere  produced  and  could  be  again  pro- 
duced if  the  pea  weevil  could  be  controlled.  The  vital  question  is.  then, 
Can  this  be  done?  I  feel  confident  that  it  can,  but  it  will  require  con- 
certed action  and  cooperation.  What,  then,  is  the  best  and  quickest 
way  to  reach  this  end,  and  what  difficulties  shall  we  have  to  contend 
with '(  To  begin  with,  I  must  acknowledge  that,  almost  with  one  voice, 
those  I  have  consulted  have  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  only  way 
is  to  give  up  growing  peas  entirely  for  one  or  two  years,  so  as  to  starve 
the  insect  out.  and  to  enforce  the  measure  with  legislation. 

Theoretically,  at  first  sight,  this  seeems  to  be  a  perfect  remedy,  and 
if  a  complete  cessation  of  the  cultivation  of  peas  were  possible  no 
doubt  it  would  be  a  solution  of  the  difficulty.  But  after  considering 
tlii-  matter  very  carefully  I  can  come  to  no  other  conclusion  than  that, 
it  would  be  an  absolute  impossibility  to  prevent  some  sowing  peaal 
vithin  the  breeding  range  of  the  insect.  For  this  measure  of  starva- 
tion to  bo  successful,   not  only  would  every  large  pea  grower  and 


71 

farmer  within  this  area,  both  in  Canada  and  the  United  States,  have 
to  desist  from  sowing  peas  entirely,  but  also  every  private  individual 
who  wishes  to  grow  a  few  green  peas  for  the  table.  If  laws  were 
enacted  looking  to  this  end  it  would  be  quite  impossible  to  enforce 
them.  Among  gardeners  and  the  general  public  there  is,  I  opine, 
neither  information  nor  unselfishness  enough  to  induct- them  to  deny 
themselves  to  such  an  extent  as  to  give  up  this  favorite  vegetable  for 
the  benefit  of  other  people  or  of  any  branch  of  trade.  Even  among 
those  who  grow  and  handle  peas  in  large  quantities  for  the  market 
there  is  a  great  lack  of  knowledge  with  regard  to  the  pea  weevil  and 
it-  habits.  Some  do  not  know  for  certain  which  of  the  several  ene- 
mies that  attack  the  pea  actually  i-  the  pea  weevil.  Owingto  the  pic. 
valent  inaccuracy  with  which  popular  names  are  applied  to  insects, 
nearly  everything  in  the  shape  of  an  insect  which  attacks  crops  •  •<>n- 
spicuously  i-  for  the  time  being  styled  "the  bug."  The  pea  weevil  is 
known  generally  as  "the  pea  bug,"  but  nevertheless  is  often  con- 
founded with  such  different  insects  a-  the  pea  moth  and  the  destructive 
pea  aphis. 

It  therefore  appears  that  what  is  now  most  fitting  and  necessary, 
as  looking  to  ultimate  victory  against  this  enemy,  is  a  vigorous  cam- 
paign of  education  through  the  ready  means  at  our  disposal,  viz, 
official  reports  and  bulletins  and  the  agricultural  pre—.  All  uncer- 
tainty should  first  he  done  away  with  and  accurate  definite  knowledge 
distributed  as  to  the  habits  of  the  insect,  the  best  remedies  to  apply, 
and  when  and  how  to  apply  them.  There  are  effective  9ure  remedies 
for  the  pea  weevil:  and  growers  must  he  made  to  understand  this, 
and  to  see  that  by  adopting  them,  even  at  some  small  trouble,  they 
will  greatly  benefit  themselves,  while  by  neglecting  them  they  will 
injure  themselves,  their  neighbors,  and  the  whole  country.  I  have 
confidence  enough  in  the  common  sense  of  Canadian  and  American 
farmers  to  believe  that  they  will  adopt  them. 

In  conjunction  with  Professor  Lochhead,  the  Ontario  provincial 
entomologist,  and  Professor  Zavitz,  the  experimentalist  of  the  ( mtario 
agricultural  college,  at  Guelph,  this  campaign  ha-  already  been  begun 
by  us  in  Canada.  Important  meetings  of  fanner-  have  been  addressed, 
including  an  assembly  of  all  the  farmer-'  institute  worker-  of  the 
Province  of  Ontario.  During  the  coming  winter  the  subject  will  he 
brought  prominently  before  every  farmers1  institute  meeting  held  in 
the  Province.  Timely  article-  will  he  issued  ad\  ising  pea  growers  not 
to  sow  a  single  grain  which  ha- not  been  first  treated,  nor  to  allow  seed 
merchants  to  sell  them  pea-  which  have  not  been  fumigated  or  other- 
wise treated  to  destroy  the  weevil.  These  measures,  however,  will 
only  reach  a  -mail  number  of  those  who  are  roue. 'rued,  so  no  oppor 
tunity  will  be  lost  of  bringing  the  importance  of  this  subject  before 
tlie  country.      The   public   pre--  in  Canada  ha-  already  done  much  an  I 


72 

will  doubtless  do  more.  In  my  official  capacity  I  shall  do  my  utmost 
to  bring  about  what  I  believe  is  possible — the  extermination  of  the  pea 
weevil  in  Canada — and  I  now  make  an  earnest  appeal  to  the  members 
of  this  association  to  cooperate  with  me  in  the  same  direction.  If  all 
who  sow  peas  in  Canada  and  the  United  States  will  adopt  any  one  of 
the  remedies  and  carry  out  the  suggestions  made  below.  1  am  confident 
that  a  tremendous  advance  will  be  made  in  a  single  year,  and  that  as 
early  as  the  second  year  extermination  might  be  looked  for. 

REMEDIES. 

Fumigation. — Fumigation  with  bisulphid  of  carbon  is  a  sure  rem- 
edy. When  properly  done,  either  in  specially  constructed  buildings 
known  as  "bug  houses"  or  in  any  tight  bin.  every  weevil  is  surely 
killed  if  the  seed  containing  them  is  fumigated  for  forty-eight  hours 
with  this  chemical,  using  1  pound  by  weight  to  every  100  bushels  of 
seed,  or,  in  smaller  quantities,  1  ounce  to  every  100  pounds  of  seed. 
For  the  treatment  of  small  quantities  of  seed,  particularly  by  farmers, 
I  have  found  that  an  ordinary  coal-oil  barrel  is  very  convenient. 
This  will  hold  about  5  bushels,  or  300  pounds,  of  seed,  which  may  be 
treated  with  3  ounces  of  bisulphid  of  carbon.  Care  must  be  taken 
to  close  up  the  top  tightly.  This  is  best  done  with  a  cap  made  spe- 
cially for  the  purpose,  but  fine  sacks  laid  smoothly  on  the  top.  over 
which  boards  are  placed  with  a  weight  on  them  to  hold  the  covering 
down  closely,  will  answer.  Fumigation  with  bisulphid  of  carbon  is, 
I  believe,  the  remedy  most  to  be  relied  on  in  this  campaign.  It  is 
perfectly  effective,  is  now  regularly  used  by  the  large  seed  merchants, 
and  in  future  will  be  much  more  generally  used. 

Holding  over  seed. — Where  only  a  few  peas  are  used,  a  most  reliable 
remedy  is  the  holding  over  of  seed  until  the  second  year.  Peas  should 
always  be  bagged  up  and  the  sacks  tied  at  once  after  threshing. 

Treating  with  coal  oil. — A  remedy  which  has  been  used  by  many 
farmers  with  satisfaction  is  to  drench  the  seed  with  coal  oil.  using 
about  half  a  gallon  to  a  barrel,  or  5  bushels,  of  peas.  While  applying 
the  coal  oil  the  seed  should  be  placed  on  a  floor  where  it  can  be  shov- 
eled over  constantly  to  insure  the  treatment  of  all  the  grain. 

Scalding  seed. — When  peas  are  found  at  the  time  of  sowing  to  con- 
tain living  weevils,  these  may  be  destroyed  by  simply  pouring  them 
into  a  pot  of  scalding  water.  The  water  should  be  drained  off  at  once 
or  the  seed  cooled  by  turning  in  cold  water. 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

1.  Everyone,  when  purchasing  seed  peas,  should  refuse  determinedly 
to  buy  any  without  the  assurance  that  the}T  have  been  treated:  and, 
further,  even  after  this,  he  should  examine  for  himself  and  see  that 


73 

any  contained  weevils  arc  really  dead.  It  must  be  remembered  that 
of  weevil-injured  seed  only  about  one-quarter  will  germinate  and  pro- 
duce plants;  consequently  much  more  seed  must  be  -own. 

To  secure  a  supply  of  seed  peas  free  from  weevil  injury  it  will  be 
necessary  for  growers  to  handle  their  crop  somewhat  differently  from 
what  has  been  the  usual  practice.  This  injury  is  now  of  an  excep- 
tional nature;  therefore  exceptional  measures  must  be  taken  to  avoid 

loss. 

-z.  Pea  growers  should  harvest  their  peas  sooner  than  is  usually 
done — as  much  on  the  green  side  as  is  9afe  thresh  them  as  soon  as 
dry  enough,  and  fumigate  them  at  once  or  sell  to  grain  buyers,  who 
for  their  own  interest  will  do  so.  This  treatment  has  many  advan- 
tages. Not  only  is  one  of  the  very  greatest  difficulties  in  providing  a 
practical  remedy — the  shelling  out  of  peas  in  the  field  in  a  large  mea- 
sure avoided  by  harvesting  earlier,  hut  the  straw  is  of  a  very  much 
higher  quality  for  feed  and  the  seed  is  heavier  and  better  for  every  pur- 
pose— for  export,  for  feed,  and  also  for  seed,  because  it  is  of  a  higher 
germinating  power.  In  addition  to  this,  the  weevil  at  that  time  is  much 
less  advanced  in  growth,  and  consequently  lias  destroyed  a  much  smaller 
proportion  of  the  bulk  of  tin4  seed.  The  average  date  for  pea  har- 
vesting is  between  July  ii(|  and  August  '2{).  I  have  no  record  of  the 
pea  weevil  becoming  mature  and  leaving  the  seed  before  August  L5, 
and  it  is  usually  later  than  this.  Experiment  has  shown  that  the 
weevils  at  all  stages  may  be  killed  inside  the  peas  by  fumigating  them 
with  bisulphid  of  carbon  as  soon  as  they  are  hard  enough  to  handle. 
When  peas  are  required  for  feeding  they  should  be  ground  as  soon 
as  dry  enough,  and  to  prevent  the  meal  from  becoming  musty  some 
old  dry  peas  should  be  mixed  with  the  new  one-.  The  greatest  diffi- 
culty of  all  is  with  regard  to  the  peas  which  shell  out  in  the  field  at 
the  time  of  harvesting.  This,  however,  will  be  to  a  large  measure 
obviated  by  reaping  early,  when  the  seed  will  not  shell  out  so  much 
as  when  left  till  the  regular  time.  The  cleaning  up  of  pea  fields  by 
turning  in  hogs  is  a  generally  recognized  practice,  and  the  work  is 
done  very  thoroughly  by  these  animals.  Where  hogs  are  not  avail- 
able poultry  will  do  the  same  work,  and  where  neither  of  these  can 
be  used  the  land  should  be  plowed  so  deeply  that  the  weevils  can  not 
work  their  way  out  when  they  leave  the  peas. 

In  the  discussion  of  this  paper  Mi".  Felt  remarked  that  the  question 
was  a  very  interesting  one.  and  speaking  a-  one  of  tin-  Northern 
entomologists  he  desired  to  assure  Mr.  Fletcher  of  his  cooperation  as 
far  as  possible.  1  le  did  not  consider  that  the  pea  weevil  was  a-  impor- 
tant in  New  York  State  a-  it  was  farther  north.  He  had  looked  over 
the  office  records  extending  hack  a-  far  as  eighteen  years  and  noted 
only  two  complaint-  regarding  this  species.  It  was  Id-  belief  that 
New  York  parties  bought  their  seed  from  more  northern  growers. 


74 

He  suererested  that  seedsmen  be  induced  to  advertise  the  fact  that 
their  seed  peas  had  been  fumigated  and  thought  that  this  would  give 
them  an  advantage,  in  a  business  way.  over  those  firms  who  would  not 
take  the  trouble  to  do  this  work.  He  stated  that  a  number  of  New 
York  nurserymen  had  been  induced  to  advertise  the  fact  that  their 
stock  had  been  fumigated,  and  did  not  see  why  this  arrangement  could 
not  be  made  with  dealers  in  seeds. 

Mr.  Weed  remarked  that  it  appeared  to  him  that  a  little  pressure 
might  be  brought  on  the  seedsmen  by  having  each  official  entomolo- 
gist write  to  the  seed  growers  in  his  State  and  ask  if  the  peas  being 
sold  by  him  had  been  properly  fumigated.  It  was  his  idea  that  a  list 
of  seedsmen  should  be  published,  indicating  those  who  fumigated  and 
those  who  did  not. 

Mr.  Felt  read  a  notice  from  Dr.  Howard  to  the  effect  that  ento- 
mologists who  wished  to  visit  the  National  Museum  collections  during* 
Sunday  would  be  admitted  on  presentation  of  Dr.  Howard's  card. 
This  courtesy  had  been  extended  by  Director  Rathbun. 

Mr.  Marlatt  announced  that  the  Entomological  Society  of  Washing- 
ton, through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Ashmead,  would  entertain  the 
visiting  entomologists  that  evening,  and  extended  a  warm  invitation 
to  all  to  meet  the  society  at  Mr.  Asmnead's  residence  at  8  o'clock  p.  m. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned,  to  reassemble  at  2  p.  m. 

AFTERNOON  SESSION,  SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  27,  1902. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  the  president. 

Mr.  Schwarz  announced  that  there  were  still  a  few  sets  of  the  pub- 
lications of  the  late  Dr.  Riley  which  Mrs.  Riley  had  kindly  placed  at 
the  disposal  of  the  members  of  the  association  free  of  charge.  He 
invited  anyone  desirous  of  securing  sets  of  these  separates  to  make 
this  fact  known  to  him. 

Mr.  Ashmead  moved  that  Mr.  Nawa,  of  whom  Mr.  Marlatt  had 
spoken  during  his  address  in  the  morning,  be  made  a  foreign  member 
of  the  association.  He  thought  that  Mr.  Nawa  had  been  doing  a  good 
deal  for  economic  entomology  in  Japan,  and  that  the  Association 
should  recognize  him  for  this  work.  This  motion  was  duly  seconded 
and,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  president,  his  name  was  referred  to  the 
committee  oh  membership. 

The  report  of  the  committee  on  membership  was  next  called  for  and 
is  as  follows: 

The  committee  on  membership  recommends  for  active  membership: 
F.  C.  Pratt,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  J.  Kotinsky.  Washington,  D.  C. ; 
Otto  Heideman,  Washington,  D.  C;  W.  E.  Hinds,  Washington,  D.  C, 
and  II.  G.  Dyar,  Washington,  D.  0. 

For  associate  members:  H.  S.  Barber,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  R.  P. 
Currie,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  G.  H.  Harris,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  W.  E. 


75 

Burke,  Washington.  I).  (\:  J.  L.  Webb,  Washington,  D.  ('.:  T.  Ii. 
Symons,  Collegepark,  Md.;  K.  I.  Smith.  Collegepark,  M<l.:  G.  W. 
Martin,  Nashville,  Tenn. ;  A.  V.  ( lonradi,  Durham  N.  EL,  and  II.  L. 
Price,  Blacksburg,  Va. 

For  foreign  membership:  Josef  Jablonowski,  Budapest,  Hungary, 
and  Yasushi  Nawa,  Gifu,  Japan. 

II.  OSBORN, 

A.   L.  <v)i   \i\  I  \\<  E, 

Nathan   Banks, 

(  0711111  'ft'-. 

Upon  motion  of  Mr.  Ash  mead,  the  report  was  accepted  and  the 
secretary  was  instructed  to  cast  an  affirmative  ballot  for  the  Associa- 
tion. 

The  programme  was  then  resumed,  the  first  paper  being  by  Mr. 
Alwood,  as  follows: 

A  NOTE  ON  THE  OVIPOSITION  OF  THE  SEVENTEEN-YEAR  LOCUST 
(CICADA  SEPTENDECIM). 

By  William   B.  Alwood,  Blacksburg ^    Va. 

In  presenting  this  note  I  wish  first  to  mention  a  rather  curious 
observation  made  by  me  last  year  at  the  Virginia  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station  at  Blacksburg.  We  were  expecting  the  Locusts  and  had 
designed,  if  occasion  warranted,  to  experiment  upon  some  sprays  with 
a  view  of  preventing  oviposition  by  the  female  in  the  fruil  tre< 
the  experiment-station  orchards.  At  the  proper  season  the  insects 
appeared  in  great  numbers,  so  abundantly,  in  fact,  that  one  could 
gather  up  a  quart  in  a  few  minutes  at  the  time  they  were  issuing  from 
the  earth.  The  young  orchard-  at  the  station  were  then  in  the  main 
12  years  old  and  tine  vigorous  young  tree-,  but  there  were  also  trees 
ranging  do\\  n  to  2-years  set,  so  that  the  insects  had  every  opportunity 
to  select  suitable   branches  for  oviposition  if  they   were  inclined  to 

do  se. 

Careful  observation  from  day  to  day  revealed  the  fact  thai  they 
seemed  to  be  making  no  efforts  whatever  to  oviposit  in  the  trees  of 

our  test  orchard-,  but  after  lingering  for  some  days  in  the  trees  they 
flew  away.  Thus  by  the  time  the  Locust  season  was  about  half  passed 
our  orchard-  were  practically  clear  of  the  insects.  In  no  instance  did 
we  detect  them  ovipositing  in  the  twig-  <>r  branches  of  our  trees. 
However,  tin1  past  summer  we  have  noticed  perhaps  half  a  dozen 
in-tance-  where  oviposition  occurred. 

Why  they  did  not  choose  t<>  oviposit  in  the  branches  of  the  orchard 
tree-  at  the  experiment  station  ha-  been  rather  a  puzzle  t.>  in.-.  I 
have  only  one  suggestion  to  make,  and  that  i-  that,  a-  we  spray  OUT 
orchards  verv  thoroughly  with    Bordeaux  mixture,  and  the  Limbs  and 


76 

twigs  were  quite  covered  with  a  thin  coating  of  the  fungicide,  this 
may  have  in  some  measure  acted  as  a  deterrent  to  the  locusts.  I  would 
not  like  to  make  the  assertion  that  Bordeaux  mixture  will  deter  this 
insect  from  oviposition,  but  the  fact  observed  warrants  one  in  suggest- 
ing that  it  will  be  an  interesting  experiment  to  make  when  opportunity 
again  presents  itself.  Other  orchards  near  us  were  very  badly 
punctured  by  the  female  insects. 

It  occurred  to  me  that  it  would  be  an  interesting  matter  to  collect 
data  on  the  various  plants  chosen  by  the  female  insects  for  deposition 
of  their  eggs,  consequently  I  had  one  of  my  students  follow  this 
matter  up  quite  closely,  and  he  collected  the  following  list  of  plants, 
all  of  which  showed  the  characteristic  oviposition  of  this  cicada: 

List  of  Plants  Punctured  by  the  Cicada   (Cicada  septendecim). 

1.  Coniferje — Pine  Family. — Keel  Cedar  (Juniperus  virginiana). 

2.  Cornace^: — Dogwood  Family. — Dogwood  {Cornus  Florida) . 

3.  CupuLiFERiE — Oak  Family. — Alder  (Alnus  viridis);  Beech  (Fagus  ferruginseus); 

Birch  (Betula  spp. ) ;  Chestnut  ( Castanea  americana) ;  Red  Oak  ( Quercus  rubrum); 
White  Oak  {Q.  alba). 

4.  Ebenace.e — Ebony  Family. — Persimmon  {Diospyrusvirginia.net). 

5.  Ericace^: — Heath  Family. — Blueberry   {Vaccinium  spp.);   Huckleberry   (Gay- 

lussacia  spp.);  Laurel  {Rhododendron  maximum). 

6.  Hamamelidi/E — Witchhazel  Family. — Gum  {Liquidambar  styracifiua) . 

7.  Juglandaceje — Walnut  Family. — Black  Walnut  {Juglans nigra) ;  Hickory  {Carya 

alba). 

8.  Leguminos^e — Pulse  Family. — Locust  {Robinia  pseudacacia) . 

9.  Oleace.e — Olive  Family. — Ash  {Fraxinus  americana);  Lilac  {Syringa  vulgaris). 

10.  Platanace^e — Plane  Tree  Family. — Sycamore  {Plat-anus  occidental  is). 

11.  Rosacea — Rose  Family. — Apple  {Pyrus  malus) ;  Blackberry  {Rubus  occidental  is); 

Hawthorn  {Crataegus  spp.);  Peach  {Prunus  persica);  Plum  {Primus  spp.); 
Quince  {Pyrus  cydonia);  Raspberry,  red  {Rubus  sirigosus);  Raspberry,  black 
(J?,  occidental-is);  Wild  Cherry  {Prunus  serotina). 

12.  Salicace^e — Willow  Family. — Poplar  ( Populus  spp. ) ;  Willow  {Salix  spp.) . 

13.  Sapindace — Soapberry  Family. — Maple  {Acer  rubrum);  Sycamore  maple  {Acer 

pseudo-platanus) . 

14.  Tiliaceje — Linden  Family. — Basswood    {Tilia    americana);    European    Linden 

( T.  europxa). 

This  list  shows  that  14  botanical  families,  comprising  30  genera  and 
33  species  of  plants,  were  used  by  the  female  cicadas  as  a  nidus  for 
their  eggs  at  our  place. 

In  the  discussion  of  this  paper  Mr.  Schwarz  stated  that  he  consid- 
ered the  seventeen-year  locust  to  be  one  of  the  most  interesting  insects 
we  had  in  this  country,  and  desired  that  the  economic  entomologists 
should  bear  this  in  mind  in  their  recommendations  for  the  destruction 
of  the  insect.  He  did  not  consider  the  injury  done  b}^  this  species  of 
any  particular  significance.  He  thought  it  to  be  the  duty  of  economic 
entomologists  to  carefully  map  out  the  extent  and  number  of  broods 


I  i 

of  this  species,  so  that  it  would  be  possible  to  accurately  indicate  to 
orchardists  the  time  when  trees  could  be  most  safely  planted.  The 
full  distribution  of  many  of  the  broods  had  never  been  determined 
and  he  considered  it  very  desirable  that  this  should  be  done 

Mr.  Alwood  remarked  that  in  his  experience  injury  from  the 
seventeen-year  locust  had  frequently  been  quite  severe.  He  men- 
tioned an  instance  where  400  or  500  5-year-old  trees  in  an  orchard  of 
5,000  had  been  so  injured  by  the  cicada  thai  they  had  been  pulled  out. 

Mr.  Marlatt  spoke  in  behalf  of  the  sentiment  expressed  by  Mi. 
Schwarz,  and  emphasized  the  fact  that  the  periodical  cicada  is  our 
most  interesting  insect,  and  thought  it  would  be  unfortunate  if  it 
were  exterminated.  lie  considered  that  the  damage  occasioned  bj  it. 
on  the  whole,  was  slight,  but  that  in  individual  instances  considerable 
injury  had  been  done.  He  referred  to  an  orchard  belonging  to  Mr. 
M.  B.  Waite,  near  Washington  City,  where  the  cicadas  had  come  out 
from  the  edge  of  a  woods  and  had  punctured  a  few  of  the  adjacent 
rows  quite  badly,  so  that  one  year's  growth  was  lost.  Properly  cut 
back,  no  lasting  injury  would  be  sustained. 

Mr.  Hopkins  agreed  with  Mr.  Schwarz  as  to  the  interest  surround- 
ing this  species,  and  remarked  in  regard  to  the  broods  that  he  was 
beginning  to  be  somewhat  skeptical  as  to  the  propriety  of  using  the 
term  brood  with  its  present  significance.  He  thought  that  a-  the 
knowledge  of  this  species  increased  it  would  be  found  that  there  was  a 
great  deal  of  intergrading,  and  also  that  representatives  of  so-called 
broods  were  likely  to  appear  every  year,  even  in  the  same  State  He 
had  evidence  from  West  Virginia  that  the  periodical  cicada  appeared 
annually  in  certain  localities.  He  thought  it  would  be  yery  difficult, 
except  where  the  intervals  were  marked,  to  designate  them  as  distinct, 
or  to  refer  each  to  a  recognized  brood. 

Mr.  Marlatt  called  attention  to  the  work  of  Dr.  Gideon  B.  Smith, 
who  lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  last  century,  and  who  had  studied 
the  cicada  very  extensively  between  L825  and  ls.~>o.  or  thereabouts. 
Dr.  Smith  had  prepared  a  very  important  paper,  which  he  had  never 
published.  An  abstract  of  Dr.  Smith's  record  of  broods  had  been 
published  in  the  speaker's  paper  on  the  cicada  (Bulletin  11.  United 
States  Division  of  Entomology).  Dr.  Smith  had  called  attention  to 
the  idea  just  advanced  by  Mr.  Hopkins,  namely:  The  fact  of  the 
gradual  breaking  up  of  old  broods,  which  in  the  course  of  time  might 
cause  the  cicada  to  appear  in  every  cicada-brood  region  ever]  year. 
This  did  not  mean  that  the  seventeen-year  period  would  be  lost,  but 
that  there  would  be  such  a  splitting  up  of  the  broods  by  acceleration 
and  retardation  that  the  marked  periods  of  appearance  in  considerable 
numbers  would  cease. 


78 

INJURIOUS  INSECTS  OF  THE  YEAR  IN  CANADA. 

By  James  Fletcher,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

The  season  of  1902  in  Canada  has  been  a  remarkable  one,  being  of 
an  unusually  damp  and  cool  nature.  This  has  had  an  effect  not  only 
upon  the  development  and  yields  of  many  of  our  staple  crops,  but  also 
upon  the  prevalence  of  some  of  the  important  crop  pests.  There  was 
a  noticeable  absence  of  injury  h\  some  of  the  best-known  insect  ene- 
mies of  cereal  and  orchard  crops,  such  as  the  Hessian  fry,  the  wheat- 
stem  maggot,  the  codling  moth,  the  plum  curculio,  the  cankerworms, 
and  the  tent  caterpillars.  Peas,  formerly  such  an  important  crop  in 
Ontario,  were  little  sown  this  year,  from  fear  of  the  depredations  of 
the  pea  weevil,  and  some  substitute  crops,  such  as  the  grass  pea,  soja 
beans,  emmer,  and  clovers,  were  cultivated  in  their  place.  The  season, 
however,  was  inauspicious,  and  these  crops  were  not  grown  with  satis- 
faction. The  season,  although  favorable  for  most  fodder  crops,  was 
adverse  to  corn,  the  most  important  of  all,  over  large  areas. 

INSECTS   AFFECTING  CEREAL   CROPS. 

Grain  crops  were  little  injured  by  insects  during  1902  and  yielded 
unprecedented  returns.  There  was  an  almost  phenomenal  disappear- 
ance of  the  Hessian  %  in  western  Ontario.  No  injury  appears  to  have 
been  done,  although  during  the  season  of  1901  both  the  occurrence  of 
the  insect  and  its  injuries  were  excessive.  A  serious  outbreak  of  the 
Hessian  fly,  however,  occurred  in  Manitoba,  and  the  losses  were 
doubtless  far  more  extensive  than  was  recognized,  owing  to  the  enor- 
mous crop.  In  Manitoba  there  is  only  one  brood  of  this  insect,  the 
flies  of  which  appear  in  spring  at  the  time  wheat  is  just  sending  up  its 
stems.  Larva?  from  eggs  laid  upon  the  young  leaves  and  hatching 
before  the  stems  shoot  up,  attack  the  root  shoots  and  do  much  harm, 
although  this  is  seldom  noticed  b}T  farmers.  Those  larvae  which  hatch 
later  locate  at  the  bases  of  the  leaves  of  the  lowest  joints  of  the  stem. 
The  " flax-seeds"  are  formed  by  the  end  of  June,  but  the  flies  do  not 
emerge  till  the  following  spring.  Cutting  high  and  the  burning  over 
of  stubble  are  recommended  as  remedies. 

LOCUSTS. 

A  considerable  amount  of  injury  was  done  in  Manitoba  during  the 
past  season  by  the  Rocky  Mountain  locust,  the  lesser  migratory,  Pack- 
ard's, and  the  two-striped  locusts.  My  object  in  mentioning  this  now 
is  to  draw  the  attention  of  entomologists  to  the  Criddle  mixture  of 
horse  droppings  poisoned  with  Paris  green  or  some  other  convenient 
insecticide.  Full  details  of  this  method  have  been  given  in  my  later 
annual  reports  which,  according  to  the  constitution  of  this  association, 


7(J 

are  regularly  sent  to  every  member.  I  need  not,  therefore,  take  up 
time  now  in  repeating  these  further  than  to  Bay  thai  the  mixture  has 
been  improved  during  the  pasl  year  by  Mr.  Griddle  and  that  it  has 
been  eminently  satisfactory  in  controlling  locusts.  The  mixture  now 
consists  of  1  pound  of  Paris  green  mixed  with  60  of  fresh  horse  drop- 
pings. To  this  is  added  2  pounds  of  salt  and  the  mixture  is  then 
scattered  round  the  edgesof  fields  which  it  is  thought  may  be  invaded 
by  a  swarm  of  Locusts.  This  remedy,  of  course,  is  also  available  for 
grasshoppers  in  all  partsof  the  country.  The  most  convenient  recep- 
tacle for  mixing  this  and  carrying  the  material  t<>  the  field  i-  half  of  a 
coal-oil  barrel  mounted  on  a  cart.  A  piece  of  shingle  answers  well  ae 
a  paddle  to  distribute  the  mixture  with. 

The  injuries  by  the  pea  weevil  and  the  possibility  of  eradicating  it 
I  have  already  laid  before  the  meeting  in  a  separate  paper.  Tin-  i- 
perhaps  the  entomological  problem  of  most  importance  in  Canada 
to-day. 

ENSECT8    AFFECTING    ROOT   CROPS. 

Root  crops  throughout  the  Dominion  have  been  exceptionally  tine 
and  there  was  little  complaint  of  injury  by  insects.  The  Colorado 
potato  beetle  was  complained  of  in  the  new  Mormon  districts  of 
Alberta,  lying  in  the  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountain-,  also  in  Mani- 
toba in  a  few  localities,  but  was  not  a  cause  of  much  loss.  In  Prince 
Edward  Island,  on  the  other  hand,  it  was  extremely  abundant  and 
destructive,  owing,  perhaps,  to  an  unusually  hot  and  dry  period  which 
prevailed  during  duly. 

Some  injury  was  complained  of  to  potatoes  in  Manitoba  by  blister 
beetles.  This  was  to  be  expected  a-  a  consequence  of  the  abundance 
of  grasshoppers  during  the  last  four  or  five  seasons. 

The  turnip  aphis  (Aphis  hrassicde  L.),  which  for  many  years  has 
been  very  troublesome  in  Canada,  was  abundant  this  year  only  on 
the  Pacific  coast  and  in  Newfoundland.  It-  attack-  wen-  chiefly  on 
cabbages. 

INSECTS   AFFECTING    FRUIT   CROPS. 

T/"  eye-spotted  hud-moth.    -Fruit    crops   have  on    the  whole  i n 

very  satisfactory.  In  the  apple  orchards  of  Nova  Scotia  there  was 
great  irregularity  of  production,  some  orchards  being  heavily  loaded 
while  others  close  to  them  had  very  poor  crop-.  This  I  attribute 
largely  to  the  temporary  abundance  in  the  maritime  provinces  of  the 
eye-spotted  bud-moth  (Tmetocera  ocellana),  which  I  detected  there  last 
winter  on  the  trees  in  the  larval  condition  and  in  remarkable  numbers. 
It  can  not  be  denied,  however,  that  Canadian  fruit  farmers  have  pro- 
gressed enormously  during  the  Last  half  decade,  a-  i-  testified  by  the 
reneral  adoption  of  spraying   and  other  common-sense  method-  of 


80 

advanced  horticulture.  The  self-styled  ' ;  practical  man  of  experience," 
who  wants  no  science,  as  he  calls  it,  but  does  everything  in  a  rule-of- 
thumb  manner,  comes  to  grief  and  loses  money  every  time  he  comes 
in  contact  with  the  really  practical  man.  who  does  not  brag  about 
being  one,  but  who  wants  always  to  obtain  from  specialists  the  best 
and  latest  information  on  all  branches  of  his  work. 

The  San  Jose  scale. — Introduced  into  Ontario  in  1897,  this  most- 
pernicious  enemy  of  the  fruit  grower  has  spread  through  that  part  of 
Ontario  lying  between  Niagara  and  Hamilton,  and  west  of  that  line 
to  the  Detroit  River.  In  fact,  it  now  occurs  throughout  the  peach- 
growing  districts  which  lie  to  the  west  of  Lake  Ontario  and  to  the  north 
of  Lake  Erie.  This  small  area  is  the  only  part  of  Canada  infested  by  the 
scale;  but  splendid  work  has  been  done  by  the  provincial  government 
through  its  officer,  Mr.  George  E.  Fisher,  the  inspector  of  San  Jose 
scale,  who  has  been  constantly  at  work  since  1898,  and  his  results  have 
been  such  that  they  seem  worth  bringing  before  the  Association.  I 
think  it  may  now  be  claimed  that  with  the  lime-sulphur-and-salt  wash, 
or  with  a  modification  of  this  in  which  the  salt  is  omitted,  as  a  winter 
wash,  followed  in  summer  by  the  ordinary  kerosene  emulsion,  we  have 
a  practical  remedy  by  which  the  San  Jose  scale  can  be  controlled. 
The  Federal  Government  is  enforcing  strictly  the  San  Jose  scale  act, 
which  is  practically  the  one  that  was  agreed  upon  at  the  Washington 
conference  held  in  January,  1898.  It  is  unfortunate  that  the  United 
States  Congress  did  not  simultaneously  put  through  the  similar  act 
which  was  agreed  upon  at  that  time,  but  which  it  will  be  remem- 
bered was  neglected  owing  to  the  outbreak  of  the  Cuban  war.  Had 
this  bill  become  a  law  the  two  countries  could  have  worked  together 
to  prevent  the  transshipment  of  infested  nursery  stock  from  one  to  the 
other.  By  the  Canadian  San  Jose  scale  act  all  nursery  stock  imported 
from  countries  where  the  scale  is  known  to  exist  is  fumigated  entirely 
at  the  expense  of  the  government.  There  are  six  ports  of  entry 
where  fumigating  houses  are  located,  and  these  have  worked  admira- 
bly. The  San  Jose  scale  act  has  been  rigidly  enforced,  and  with  excel- 
lent results,  for  there  has  not  been  a  single  well-founded  complaint  of 
injury  to  stock,  of  undue  delay  chargeable  to  the  fumigation,  or  of 
living  scales  having  been  found  on  any  trees  in  the  large  number 
of  consignments  of  nursery  stock  which  have  been  imported  into 
Canada  through  the  fumigation  stations. 

The  attention  to  fruit  pests,  especially  to  all  kinds  of  scale  insects, 
which  has  been  evoked  by  the  advent  of  the  San  Jose  scale  in  Canada, 
has  had  a  good  effect  by  teaching  our  fruit  growers  and  farmers  the 
importance  of  knowing  more  about  the  insect  enemies  of  their  crops 
and  the  necessity  of  careful  definite  work  in  all  branches  of  their 
business. 


M 

New  fruit  pests. —  Some  new  enemies  of  fruits,  perhaps  of  onh 
minor  importance,  hut  worthy  of  mention  here,  are  the  follov 

The  blackberry   soft  Bcale  (Evlecanium  fitchi  Sign.)  and   the 
scale  (Aulacaspis  rosas  Bouche")  appeared  in  injurious  number    in  sev 
eral  localities  in  western  Ontario  in  blackberrj  plantations. 

A  noctuid  ( Scopt  !,,*<>, ,,,i  tristigmata  ( J  rote)  and  a  geometer  <  '/•  •  ■<■  tica 
truncata  Hufn.)  were  sent  in  from  Vancouver  Lsland  as  having  done 
harm  in  strawberry  beds. 

A  single  specimen  (the  first  recorded)  of  the  brown-tailed  moth 
(Euproctis  chrysorrhma  L.)  was  caught  at  light  in  St.  John,  New  Bruns- 
wick. I  do  not  think  that  this  means  that  the  insect  has  spread  to  New 
Brunswick  from  Massachusetts,  but  ratlin- that  a  moth  or  the  pupa 
was  brought  direct  from  Boston  on  one  of  the  many  passenger  ships 
plying  reguiarly  from  that  port  to  St.  John.  It  indicates,  however, 
how  easily  this  or  any  other  insect  might  be  spread  to  a  new  locality. 

Of  rather  more  importance  than  the  above-mentioned  is  a  ne^  injury 
reported  this  season  from  several  places  in  western  Ontario  and 
observed  in  a  few  cases  last  year  at  Ottawa,  by  the  larvae  of  the  sawfly 
(Taxowus  nigrisoma  Nort).  These  larvae  are  frequently  found  in  autumn 
on  different  kinds  of  Kiuncx  and  Polygonum,  of  which  they  reduce 
the  leaves  to  a  skeleton.  The  injury  to  apples  is  done  by  the  green 
larva1  boring  into  the  fruit  in  autumn.  From  the  appearance  of  the 
burrows,  which  run  in  for  about  half  an  inch  into  the  flesh  of  the 
apple  and  which  contain  no  black  excrement,  I  am  led  to  hope  thai 
this  is  merely  an  accidental  injury,  the  larvae  merely  boring  into 
apples  as  they  might  into  any  soft,  firm  substance,  in  which  to  exca- 
vate their  winter  quarters.  The  usual  habit  is  for  the  larvae  to  bore 
into  the  pithy  stems  of  herbaceous  plant-.  I  have  no  record  of  the 
larva1  attacking  the  leaves  of  apple  trees,  but  Professor  Lochhead,  of 
Guelph,  saw  these  larvae  climbing  up  the  trunks  of  apple  trees  in 
October.  The  injury  to  fruit  was,  however,  of  rather  a  serious  nature, 
trie  apples  being  much  disfigured,  and  in  many  instances  the}  were 
rendered  unfit  for  market  and  had  to  be  \'v^\  t»  pigs.  Should  this 
sawfly  larva  become  a  regular  enemy  of  the  apple,  a  remedy  which 
Buggests  itself  is  tin4  destruction  of  all  weed-  growing  near  the  trees 
which  belong  to  the  dock  or  smart-weed  family. 

]•<  >i:i>i    [N8EI   i  8. 

The' birch  skeletonizer  (Buccuiatrix  canadensisella  Chamb.).  The 
birches,  particularly  the  white  birches,  throughout  the  greater  pari  of 

Canada  east  of  the  prairie  province-  have  been  greatly  disfigured 
during  the  past  two  seasons  by  the  -mall  larvae  of  this  timid.  Owing 
to  the  cool,  damp  season  of  L902,  the  attack  was  not  apparent  until  a 
fortnight  later  than  in  1901,  and  it  is  hoped  that  tic  ultimate  effect  on 

22170—03 ♦) 


82 

the  trees  will  be  Less  severe.  Birches,  however,  were  in  many  places 
entirely  defoliated  by  the  middle  of  September.  The  destructive  work 
of  these  caterpillars  was  also  considerably  added  to  b}r  a  large  aphid 
(Callipterm  mucidus)  and  by  a  green  leaf-hopper  {Emjioasca  smarag- 
dula  Fall.). 


Mr.  Washburn  in  discussing  this  paper  stated  that  the  locust 
trouble  was  a  very  interesting  one  in  Minnesota,  and  also  a  very 
serious  one.  He  stated  that  the  farmers  were  very  slow  in  using 
poison  bait,  such  as  bran  and  horse  droppings,  because  poultry  roam 
over  the  wheat  fields,  and  in  scratching  over  the  poisoned  droppings 
would  suffer.  For  this  reason  it  was  almost  impossible  to  use  the 
poison  bait  in  Minnesota. 

Mr.  Alwood  inquired  if  anyone  had  ever  poisoned  chickens  with  an 
arsenite. 

Mr.  Fletcher  stated  that  he  had  been  investigating  this  point  for 
some  years,  but  had  never  heard  of  a  single  instance. 

Mr.  Marlatt  made  the  suggestion  that  ordinaiy  white  arsenate  be 
used  instead  of  Paris  green,  the  former  being  very  much  cheaper. 
He  said  that  Paris  green  is  the  most  expensive  of  all  arsenicals,  cost- 
ing 20  to  25  cents  per  pound,  whereas  arsenic  could  be  purchased  at  a 
few  cents  at  the  most.  He  said  that  the  simple  arsenite  of  copper  was 
as  effective  as  Paris  green,  and  could  be  purchased  for  about  one- 
half  the  cost  of  the  latter.  Difficulty  was  experienced,  however,  in 
procuring  the  arsenite  of  copper  in  sufficient  quantities  to  supply 
the  present  demand;  hence  he  thought  Paris  green  (the  aceto-arsenite) 
would  no  doubt  be  largely  used  for  some  time  to  come.  As  relating 
to  this  particular  case,  he  was  inclined  to  recommend  simply  poisoning 
the  bait  material  with  white  arsenic.  He  suggested  that  an  enormous 
quantity  of  poisoned  material  would  be  necessary  to  insure  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  locusts  in  their  widespread  outbreaks. 

Mr.  Fletcher  explained  that  it  was  not  necessaiy  to  cover  an  entire 
field,  but  that  the  poison  should  be  placed  around  the  edges.  With 
regard  to  the  use  of  arsenic  as  a  substitute  for  Paris  green  he  consid- 
ered this  very  undesirable,  from  the  great  danger  of  poisoning  from 
its  accidental  or  careless  use.  He  thought  arsenic  resembled  flour, 
sugar,  and  some  other  household  stuffs  too  much  to  allow  of  its  gen- 
eral prescription.  The  reason  that  he  had  continued  to  recommend 
Paris  green  was  that  it  is  well  known,  and  could  not  on  account  of  its 
winning  color  be  mistaken  for  anything  else.  He  would  have  no 
hesitancy  in  using  arsenic  himself  or  advising  its  use  b}T  specialists, 
but  would  not  dare  recommend  it  for  everybody,  and  particularly  if  it 
were  likely  to  be  kept  about  dwelling  houses  in  the  country,  as  a 
result  from  having  some  of  the  poison  left  over.     Fruit  growers  living 


83 

at  a  distance  from  towns,  or  for  the  sake  of  economy,  generally  buy 
more  materials  at  once  than  they  require  to  use  al  the  time.  No  mut- 
ter how  great  the  danger  may  be,  people  soon  get  careless. 

Mr.  Maria tt.  desired  to  know  what  objections  there  would  be  to  the 
use  of  the  simple  copper  arsenite  as  a  substitute  for  Paris  green. 

Mr.  Fletcher  stated  that  he  preferred  the  former  to  Paris  green  in 
some  ways,  not  only  on  account  of  its  being  cheaper,  but  from  the 
fact  that  it  was  susceptible  of  much  more  even  distribution  in  the 
water,  but  it  seemed  also  more  likely  to  injure  foliage.  Ele  had  used 
disparene  with  great  satisfaction. 

Referring  to  the  danger  of  poisoning  fowls  by  poison  bail  scattered 
in  the  field,  Mr.  Wilcox  stated  that  about  a  year  ago  he  had  had  occa 
sion  to  read  an  extended  article  bearing  directly  upon  this  point 
Several  forms  of  arsenical  poisons  had  been  tried  on  chickens  and 
pigeons,  and  also,  as  be  remembered  it,  on  ducks.  The  details  of  the 
test  had  passed  from  his  mind,  but  he  was  greatly  impressed  with  the 
very  large  quantity  of  poison  which  fowls  could  eat  before  they  were 
affected  by  it. 

Mr.  Fernald  called  attention  to  an  interesting  observation  which  he 
had  made  in  the  course  of  his  nursery-inspection  work  in  Massachu- 
setts, namely,  that  he  had  found  the  San  Jose  scale  occurring  on  the 
arbor  vita'  and  also  on  the  white1  spruce.  While  he  hardly  thought 
that  the  insects  would  he  able  to  permanently  establish  themselves  on 
these  plants,  yet  he  desired  to  call  attention  to  the  matter. 

Mr.  Kelloe-o-  then  presented  the  following  paper: 

NOTES  ON  CALIFORNIA  COCCID.E,  ALEURODID^E,  AND  SCOLYTID.E. 
By  V.  L.  Kjellogg,  /W"  Alio,  CcU. 

Mr.  Kellogg  made  a  brief  report  on  the  work  being  done  at  Leland 
Stanford  Junior  University  on  the  Coccidse,  Aleurodidse,  and  Scolytidse 
of  California.  A  collecting  trip  was  made  in  the  summer  of  L901,  by 
foot  and  horseback,  for  a  thousand  miles  through  the  great  coniferous 
forests  of  northern  California  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  specimens 
and  notes  for  a  study  of  the  conifer- infesting  scale  insects.  M p.  (  Jole- 
man,  the  assistant  who  undertook  this  trip,  brought  back  22  species  of 
Coccid;e  from  2b  species  of  conifer.-.  LO  of  the  insect  species  being 
described  as  new.  Of  these  LO  the  immature  stages  of  t  are  described 
and  a  complete  life  history  of  1.  A  graduate  student,  Mr-.  F.  E. 
Dorsey,  has  described  20new  species  of  Aleurodidae  found  in  ( California, 
thus  increasing  the  number  of  known  North  American  species  in  this 
family  from  4<>  to  60.  In  the  case  of  every  one  of  these  20  nem  species 
the  immature  stages  have  been  studied  by  Mi-.  Dorsey  and  described. 
Experiments  have  been  carried  on  in  combating  Dendroctonvs  valena 
in  Monterey  pines  in  the  arboretum   of  Stanford    University,   in  the- 


84 

grounds  of  Mr.  Timoth\r  Hopkins  at  Menlo  Park,  and  in  the  grounds 
of  the  Hotel  del  Monte,  on  the  Bay  of  Monterey.  Small,  close  canvas 
tents  have  been  put  around  the  trunks  of  the  trees,  and  in  these  tents 
hydrocyanie  acid  has  been  used.  This  gas  readily  penetrates  the  bur- 
rows of  Dt  ndroctonus  and  kills  practically  all  of  the  larvae  and  adults 
in  the  burrows.  As  many  as  300  larvae  have  been  found  in  a  vertical 
length  of  3  feet  of  trunk,  and  all  of  these  larvae  have  been  killed  by 
the  gas.  Such  a  procedure  is,  of  course,  not  at  all  practicable  in  light- 
ing Ben&roctonus  in  forests,  but  seems  to  offer  a  means  of  killing  the 
pest  when  attacking  a  few  choice  trees,  as  is  the  condition  in  the  parks 
and  grounds  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  university. 

PLANT  ENVIRONMENT  AND  INSECT  DEPREDATIONS. 

By  F.  William  Raxe,  Durham,  X.  II 

We  are  constantly  learning  something  new  about  the  relationship 
between  insect  and  plant  life.  A  new  species  hitherto  unknown  is 
discovered,  and  shortly  it  may  be  this  insect  la}rs  claim  to  some  of  our 
domesticated  plants,  and  thereafter  continues  to  menace  or  prey  upon 
it  as  commonly  as  though  this  had  ever  been  its  custom.  Again,  spe- 
cies that  we  have  long  known  for  some  reason  change  their  appetites, 
or  rather  enlarge  upon  their  food  supply,  so  as  to  include  in  their 
wenit  plants  heretofore  not  cared  for.  Such  events  are  constantly 
taking  place,  and  entomologists  are  ever  ready  to  make  new  observa- 
tions. To  find  an  old  friend  taking  a  meal  on  a  heretofore  strange 
plant  is  noted  with  interest.  Although  experience  has  shown  that 
these  simple  observations  may  not  indicate  much,  yet  they  are  impor- 
tant, for  as  time  goes  on  conditions  may  arise  wherein  this  indicated 
outbreak  may  occur. 

Economic  entomology  has  come  to  be  a  great  factor  in  America,  and, 
with  an  ever-increasing  number  of  keen  observers  everywhere  through- 
out our  broad  land,  little  happens  that  is  not  soon  brought  to  the 
notice  of  someone. 

The  gardener,  fruit  grower,  or  farmer  that  is  awake  to  his  calling 
has  a  remedy  or  suggestion  at  his  bidding  for  most  of  his  insect  foes. 
These1  remedies  arc  generally  looked  to  by  him  as  cure-alls,  and  if  the 
insects  are  only  destroyed  everything  is  lovely. 

The  point  that  I  desire  to  emphasize  in  this  paper  is  that  simple 
remedies  for  insect  depredations  in  many  cases  are  not  after  all  what 
really  is  needed.  It  was  not  many  years  ago  that  everyone  had  his 
own  remedy  for  certain  insect  depredations,  and  each  man  that  made 
a  success  attributed  it  to  his  particulai  treatment.  Modern  investiga- 
tion, however,  exposes  many  of  these  practices  as  absolute!}^  imprac- 


85 

tical.  The  reason  for  their  success,  in  other  words,  was  due  to  other 
conditions  entirely.  I  remember  carrying  out  an  experiment  toprotect 
cucurbits  from  the  Diabroticas.  I  Fpon  collecting  all  suggested  remedies 
and  tabulating  them,  over  50  were  offered.  These  were  tested  and, 
strange  to  say.  none  of  them  were  efficacious  as  recommended. 

We  are  yet  in  the  transitory  stage  as  regards  the  use  of  insecticides 
from  the  practical  man's  standpoint.  He  hears  so  much  about  spraj 
ing  that  he  thinks  if  he  sprays  his  crops  he  is  practically  assured  of  a 
harvest.  I  feel  that,  in  regard  totheuseof  insecticides,  we  are  likely 
(o  duplicate  the  experience  of  a  prom  incut  chemist  with  the  commer 
cial-fertilizer  problem.  When  commercial  fertilizers  first  came  into 
use  he  most  heartily  championed  them,  and  tried  in  every  waj  to  show 
wherein  they  were  of  value,  but  farmers  generally  thought  them  a 
myth  and  didn't  want  to  have  anything  to  do  with  them.  Now  this 
same  man  says  the  pendulum  has  swung  to  the  farther  extreme. 
Public  sentiment,  through  the  press,  bulletins,  fertilizer  companies' 
publications,  etc.,  make  a  person  feel  that  to  be  without  commercial 
fertilizer  is  courting  failure.  In  other  word-,  this  same  man  now 
feels  it  his  duty  to  caution  against  the  indiscriminate  use  of  these 
goods,  which  are  without  doubt  as  great  a  drawback  to  financial  success 
in  souk1  sections  as  anything. 

Our  position  as  regards  insect  depredation-  in  some  States  I  am 
inclined  to  think  analogous  to  the  commercial  fertilizer  problem.  I 
do  not  desire  to  be  considered  as  throwing  any  cold  water  on  the 
progress  of  economic  entomology,  in  which  field  1  am  ever  ready  to 
thankfully  accept  everything  of  usefulness.  But  from  the  standpoint 
of  the  farmers,  fruit  growers,  or  gardeners  much  emphasis  should  be 
laid  on  the  fact  that  though  the  insects  themselves  may  be  destroyed, 
this  does  not  necessarily  insure  the  condition-  desired. 

Is  it  not  a  fact  that  those  men  who  are  the  most  negligent  about 
their  general  knowledge  of  plant  culture  have  the  greatest  trouble 
from  insect  depredations?  I  believe  that  our  best  entomologists  will 
bear  me  out  in  saying  that  wherever  we  find  practical  successful  hus- 
bandmen we  also  find  the  minimum  trouble  from  insect  depredations. 

It  is  not  an  easy  matter  to  lay  down  any  specific  and  definite  law. 
but  that  these  conditions  do  exist  there  is  little  question.  Manx  insect 
ravages  are  doubtless  the  resultant  of  an  unhealthy  condition  of  the 
plant,  due  to  improper  culture  or  accident  rather  than  to  the  natural 
devouring  instincts  of  the  insect.  Trees  that  are  girdled  or  cut  down 
are  shortly  preyed  upon  by  a  great  variety  of  insects  that  nature  «'\  i 
dently  considers  beneficial,  although  they  arc.  under  some  conditions, 
detrimental.  Where  cultivated  plants  that  naturally  need  plent}  of 
available  plant  food  for  their  development  are  set  out  in  depleted  soil, 
from  the  very  fact  of  their  previous  high  degree  of  culture  and  breed- 


86 

ing  they  begin  to  decline,  and  plant-lice  and  other  insects  assist  in 
their  extermination.  1  had  three  vines  (Lonicera)  running  over  my 
porch.  All  grew  well  for  a  couple  of  years,  when  one  became  badly 
affected  b\  plant  lice,  while  the  others  were  comparatively  free. 
Upon  examination  I  found  that  the  label  wire  that  had  been  left  on 
the  infected  plant  was  checking  its  development,  and  the  vine  was 
thereby  weakened.  Upon  removal,  new  shoots  rallied  to  the  support 
of  the  plant,  but  the  insects  were  too  numerous  and  the  plant  became 
discouraged,  although  it  never  thought  of  giving  up  life.  The  next 
year  I  noticed  that  this  same  plant  was  again  affected  with  the  aphides, 
also  one  of  the  others,  but  the  third  seemed  healthy  as  ever.  Upon 
diagnosing  their  cases  I  found  the  healthy  one  stood  alongside  a 
shrubby  border,  and  its  roots  had  ready  access  to  rich  cultivated  soil, 
while  the  others  were  in  sod  ground.  Thinking  the  poverty  of  their 
food  supply  perhaps  accountable  for  their  condition,  they  were  ferti- 
lized, with  the  result  that,  although  the  insects  did  not  leave  the  plants 
entirely,  the  plants  themselves  overcame  their  previous  debilitated 
condition  and,  as  far  as  the  casual  observer  could  tell,  were  perfectly 
healthy.  Many  other  facts  have  come  to  my  notice  that  also  point  to 
the  conclusion  that,  if  we  understood  what  the  proper  culture  of  the 
plant  should  be,  many  insect  troubles  could  be  avoided.  I  have  taken 
much  interest  in  getting  the  practical  man's  views  of  plant  culture,  and 
many  object  lessons  are  gained  therefrom.  Insects  and  fungous  dis- 
eases are  by  no  means  as  troublesome  to  the  man  who  knows  how  to 
get  best  results  from  plants  themselves  as  they  are  to  another  who 
knows  everything  about  insects  and  their  control  and  but  little  about 
plant  culture. 

1  have  had  college  graduates  who  could  identify  insects  and  recite 
on  insecticides  perfectly,  but  who  found  it  practically  impossible  to 
combat  red  spider  and  the  like  without  practically  destroying  the 
value  of  the  plants  themselves.  Another  man  with  little  knowledge 
of  entomology  or  insects,  but  thoroughly  understanding  plant  culture, 
has  grown  the  same  plants  under  exactly  similar  conditions,  and  I 
have  failed  to  even  find  red  spider  present.  If  plants  are  allowed  to 
suffer  from  crowding,  over  or  under  watering,  too  much  or  too  little 
ventilation,  extremes  of  temperature,  insufficient  plant  food,  neglected 
breeding,  etc.,  of  course  one  will  have  trouble,  and  simple  remedies, 
although  under  other  conditions  they  might  be  efficacious,  here  are 
utterly  useless.  1  might  enumerate  further  examples,  but  hope  I 
have  sufficiently  emphasized  the  idea  that  entomologists  can  not  know 
too  much  about  plant  culture,  and  were  it  possible  I  should  like  to 
see  every  economic  entomologist  as  far  as  possible  a  practical  grower. 


87 
The  next  paper  was  by  Mr.  Phillips: 

NOTES  ON  MELANOPLUS  FEMORATTJS. 
By  .!.  L  Phillips,  Blacksburg,   Va. 

This  locust  was  first  observed  in  considerable  numbers  by  the  writer 
in  Roanoke  County,  June  17.  L899.  It  was  in  this  instance  doing  con 
siderable  injury  to  a  small  field  of  timothy,  but  was  not  plentiful 
enough  in  the  vicinity  to  attract  general  attention.  Winn-  this  insect 
occurred  in  considerable  numbers,  the  grass  was  entireh  unfit  for  hay. 
as  they  cut  off  or  destroyed  all  the  blades,  and  many  of  the  heads, 
leaving  only  the  stalks.  This  species  was  found  to  be  plentiful  in  the 
fields  near  Blacksburg,  later  the  same  summer,  but  it  was  not  present 
in  sufficient  numbers  to  do  serious  harm. 

The  observations  were  not  carried  on  systematically,  ver}  little 
attention  being  paid  to  it  in  1 '.'in*  ami  L901,  but  on  June  L6,  1902,  we 
learned  that  this  insect  was  doing  considerable  damage  in  gome  portions 
of  Wythe  and  Smyth  counties,  about  50  miles  west  of  Blacksburg. 
This  outbreak  was  investigated  at  once,  and  proved  to  be  the  most 
serious  one  known  to  us. 

The  owner  of  the  property  where  this  outbreak  occurred  claimed 
that  the  locusts  were  first  observed  on  the  western  border  of  a  pasture 
field  of  30  acres.  At  the  time  this  investigation  was  made,  the  major- 
ity of  the  insects  were  located  in  a  20-acre  field  of  wheat,  adjoining 
the  pasture  field.  They  had  eaten  all  the  herbage  on  the  above-men- 
tioned pasture,  leaving  the  ground  hare,  hut  the  toot-  were  -till  alive 
and  had  begun  to  send  up  a  straggling  new  growth.  The  wheat  was 
already  con  iderably  damaged.  Nearly  all  the  blades  had  been  cut 
off,  and  many  of  the  heads  of  wheat  also,  and  they  were  -till  feeding. 
The  great  majority  of  the  Lot  usts  were  adult  at  this  time. 

Mr.  Browning,  the  owner,  claims  that  on  former  occasions  he  had 
known  them  to  destroy  much  of  the  wheat  after  it  was  shocked,  even 
cutting  the  twine  hand-,  so  that  there  was  some  loss  in  handling. 

These  fields  are  located  on  the  eastern  hank  of  a  -mall  stream,  \\  hich 
appears  to  have  acted  to  some  extent  a- a  barrier,  preventing  their 
entrance  to  the  fields  on  the  west  side  in  any  considerable  numbers. 
Later  observations  this  season  showed  this  insect  to  !»«>  jtr.--.-nt  in  num- 
bers all  through  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  from  Smyth  Count)  on  the 
southwest  to  Frederick  on  the  north,  duly  •_'•_'.  a  -mall  apple  orchard 
near  Winchester,  about  three  years  set,  was  found  t<»  be  almost 
ated,  and  investigation  proved  that  tin-  insect  was  responsible  for  the 
damage. 


88 

Mr.  Symoiis  next  presented  a  paper  on  the  following  subject : 

ON  THE  POSITION    OF    THE   SET^l  OF  THE   SAN  JOSE   SCALE  IN 

INFESTED   PLANTS. 

ByT.  B.  Symons,  College-park,  Md. 

[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 

Mr.  Hopkins  stated  that  in  his  opinion  the  subject  of  Mr.  Rane's 
paper  was  worthy  of  careful  consideration,  as  it  had  to  do  with  quite 
an  important  subject.  In  bis  own  official  work  in  West  Virginia  he 
had  frequently  urged  the  importance  of  good  culture  and  good  farm- 
ing in  the  control  of  injurious  insects,  and  thought  that  farmers  who 
gave  proper  attention  to  these  points  would  succeed  where  careless 
farmers  would  often  suffer  severely  from  insect  depredation.  This 
statement  did  not  refer  to  all  insects,  but  he  thought  there  were  many 
species  which  are  attracted  to  the  less  vigorous  plants  and  that  such 
plants  succumb  while  more  vigorous  ones  would  repel  them  or  recover 
the  injury. 

Mr.  Rane  stated  that  the  idea  of  presenting  this  paper  had  come  to 
him  from  observations  on  men  graduating  from  our  educational  insti- 
tutions, especially  those  going  out  into  economic  scientific  work.  He 
thought  men  preparing  themselves  for  work  in  entomology  should  be 
given  a  considerable  amount  of  work  in  horticulture  and  agriculture. 
If  they  did  not  understand  these  subjects,  particularly  from  the  prac- 
tical standpoint,  they  were  greatly  handicapped.  He  stated  that  he 
had  had  an  opportunity  of  observing  the  work  of  a  number  of  young 
men  who  had  made  a  study  of  entomology,  and  he  thought  them  to  be 
incapable  of  successfully  handling  their  work  in  relation  to  crops. 
A  man  might  be  well  fitted  for  entomological  investigation,  but  would 
nevertheless  not  be  practical  in  his  recommendations  for  farmers  and 
fruit  growers.  He  thought  the  same  held  true  of  plant  pathologists. 
A  knowledge  of  entomology,  botany,  plant  pathology,  etc.,  is  always 
to  be  recommended,  but  equally  so,  for  the  benefit  of  the  results  to  be 
derived  from  plants  is  a  knowledge  of  ideal  plant  environment,  which 
is  none  other  than  culture. 

The  following  papers,  which  had  been  handed  to  the  secretary,  were 
read  by  title  and  were  accepted  for  publication  in  the  proceedings  of 
the  association. 

DEVELOPMENT  AND  HIBERNATION  OF  MOSQUITOES. 

By  11.  A.  Morgan  and  J.  \V.  Dupree,  Baton  Rouge,  La. 

Data  in  connection  with  the  development  and  hibernation  of  mos- 
quitoes is  of  tli(4  greatest  interest  in  determining  rational  remedial 
measures.     As  most  of  the  investigations  up  to  the  present  time  have 


Ill- 


89 

been  inspired  by  a  desire  to  reduce  the  numbers  of  these  pests,  to 
make  habitable  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year  large  areas  thai  ma\  be 
devoted  to  a  variety  of  enterprises,  and  to  check  the  spread  of  dis 
eases,  our  studies  were  begun  with  the  idea  of  assisting  as  far  as  pos 
sible  in  this  laudable  cause,  and  we  trust  thai  some  of  the  facts  as  set 
forth  in  this  paper  may  prove  of  value  in  future  work  upon  this 
subject. 

The  mosquito  genera  that  have  conic  under  our  observations  are 
Stegomyici)  Culex,  Conchyliates,  Psovophord,  and  Anoplieles^  and  as 
many  as  *i\  species  have  been  studied  more  <>r  less.  We  had  expected 
to  discuss  our  observations  upon  all  the  species  common  to  Baton 
Rouge  and  vicinity,  but  it  would  take  more  time  than  that  usually 
allotted  to  the1  discussion  of  a  single  topic  on  occasions  like  this.  We 
have,  therefore,  thought  best  to  discuss  in  a  general  \\a\  the  problem 
associated  with  the  hibernation  and  development  of  mosquitoes  a-  ; 
whole  and  to  discuss  in  detail,  though  briefly,  the  life  cycle  of  Psoro- 
phora. 

The  time  required  for  the  transformation  of  mosquitoes,  a-  with 
most  insects,  is  decidedly  a  variable  quantity,  dependent  upon  food 
and  temperature  conditions,  and  thus  statements  of  so-called  normal 
life  of  mosquitoes  art4  misleading  unless  accompanied  by  the  exact 
conditions  under  which  this  information  was  procured.     While  with 

most  students  of  insect  development,  a  knowledge  of  condition-  i- 
assumed,  yet  public  sentiment,  upon  which  science  is  more  or  less 
dependent  for  the  operation  of  remedial  measures,  is  seldom  conver- 
sant with  details  of  conditions,  and  if  remedies  fail  much  time  i-  lost 
in  explaining  the  reasons  why  failure  occurred. 

RESULTS    OF    OBSERVATIONS    ON    MOSQUITOES. 

From  our  studies  <>f  mosquitoes  in  general  we  have  observed  the 
following: 

First.  That  local  pools  are  common  breeding  grounds  for  most  spe- 
cies of  mosquitoes.  Of  the  24  species  found  here  every  one  has,  in 
some  stage  of  its  development,  been  taken  from  a  -mall  pond  1"  feet 
lono-,  4  feet  wide,  and  of  that  depth  that  two  week-'  drought  was  suffi- 
cient  to  evaporate  all  the  water  it  contained.  The  lack  of  enemies  of 
mosquitoes  in  such  places  may  largely  be  responsible  \'<>v  the  prevalence 
of  such  a  variety  of  form-  of  variable  life  history. 

Second.  That  most  mosquitoes  deposit  eggs  singly  upon  tin  surface 
of  the  water  exception-  are  Oulex  pipiens,  C  consobri?ius ^  a.nd  possi- 
bly one  or  two  other  specie-)  and,  except  in  the  cases  of  Anopheles  and 
those  placed  in  boat  masses,  the  majority  will  -ink  t<>  the  bottom  of 
ponds  or  breeding  vessels. 

Third.  That  the  sinking  of  eggs  and  low  temperature,  a-  well  a-  the 
rapid  evaporation  of  the  water  of  pools  on  which  eggs  are  laid,  produce 


90 

in  a  marked  degree  variations  in  the  time  of  hatching.  Eggs  of  Ste- 
gomyia  fasciata,  Conchyliates  rmisicus,  Psorophora  ciliata^  and  P. 
howardii  have  been  influenced  to  the  extent  of  months  in  the  time  of 
hatching  by  one  or  other  of  the  above  conditions.  This  point  should 
not  be  lost  sight  of  in  devising  plans  for  the  extermination  of  mos- 
quitoes, and  emphasizes  the  possible  variability  of  life  cycles  under 
such  conditions. 

Fourth.  That  the  hatching  of  eggs  of  many  species  is  in  some  way 
associated  with  agitation.  In  ponds  that  dried  up  and  remained  so 
for  months  very  small  larvae  of  Conchyliates,  Psorophora,  and  a  few 
species  of  Gulex  could  be  found  in  a  few  hours  after  sufficient  rain 
fell  to  produce  currents  and  a  shifting  of  the  eggs.  In  the  laboratory 
eggs  were  hatched  by  agitation,  while  members  of  the  same  batch  left 
undisturbed  remained  unhatched  for  months.  Seasons  of  occasional 
showers  may  be  responsible  for  the  prevalence  of  mosquitoes  in  more 
wa}Ts  than  one. 

Fifth.  That  ordinary  transient  ponds  and  pools  furnish  sufficient 
food  for  the  rapid  development  of  larvae  to  make  the  presence  of  water 
only  necessary  for  a  period  of  six  or  eight  days  to  insure  the  perpet- 
uation of  many  species  of  mosquitoes.  On  the  other  hand,  water  con- 
taining but  little  food  that  is  not  subject  to  complete  evaporation  may 
prolong  the  larval  life  for  months.  We  have  observed  the  life  of 
Stegomyia  larvae  prolonged  under  such  conditions  two  months  and 
eleven  days. 

Sixth.  That  the  larvae  of  mosquitoes  are  not  so  fastidious  in  their 
food  habits  as  they  are  reputed  to  be,  but  that  water  saturated  with 
fcecal  matter  will  shorten  the  larval  period  of  mamT  species.  Steg- 
omyia under  such  conditions  completed  the  life  cycle  in  from  six  to 
eight  days. 

Seventh.  That  water  is  not  essential  to  the  life  of  pupae  of  many 
species,  so  long  as  the  ground  upon  which  they  rest  is  moist.  Under 
the  latter  condition  the  pupal  period  is  frequently  shortened.  This  is 
of  importance  in  connection  with  the  proposed  remedy  of  sweeping 
gutters  in  which  mosquitoes  breed.  It  also  has  a  bearing  upon  the 
transient  pools  as  breeding  places  for  most  species.  In  our  experi- 
ments pupae  were  kept  as  long  as  three  da}Ts  upon  moist  cotton  before 
emerging. 

Eighth.  That  most  larvae  and  pupae  can  remain  under  water  a  suffi- 
cient length  of  time  to  be  able  to  survive  in  cisterns  full  of  water,  and 
that  the  habit  of  larvae,  some  at  least,  of  bringing  to  the  surface  more 
food  than  can  be  devoured  at  once  assists  a  colony  of  specimens  to 
procure  food  without  having  to  go  to  the  bottom  for  individual  feed- 
ings. The  data  associated  with  the  cisterns  as  chief  factors  in 
mosquito  production  is  not  sufficient  to  draw  permanent  conclusions. 
One  thing  is  certain,  that  water  blocked  in  gutters  of  buildings  by 


91 

leaves  and  other  material,  as  well  as  defective  grading  of  erutters  nro- 

luces  conditions  similar  to  those  of  the  transient   \ Is,  so  important 

fto  the  present  mode  of  life  of  mosquitoes. 

Ninth.  That  the  hibernation  (i.  e.,  where  mosquitoes  hibernate  or 
winter  in  a  specific  stage  of  tluir  development)  takes  place  in  the  spe 
pes  we  have  studied  in  the  egg  and  adult  conditions.  Dr.  John  B. 
Smith  calls  attention  to  the  hibernation  <>!*  two  forms  in  the  larval 
stage,  hut  up  to  the  present  these  species  have  not  been  observed  in 
Louisiana.  Several  species  keep  on  breeding  through  the  winter,  but 
development  i-  slower  and  fewer  broods  occur,  owing  to  scarcity  of 
food  and  relatively  lower  temperature.  Even  with  some  of  the  true 
hibernating  forms  long  warm  spells  may  bring  the  stages  out  of  win- 
ker quarters.  From  the  above  it  is  plain  that  mosquitoes  are  not  uni- 
form in  seasonal  appearance.  Some  are  more  abundant  our  season 
than  another  and  some  may  continue  longer  than  other-  when  they  do 
appear.  A-  certain  species  are  specific  germ  carriers,  it  is  essential 
that  the  seasons  of  different  species  he  carefully  studied  and  tabulated. 

Tenth.— We  have  not  found  that  any  species  of  mosquito  will 
Deposit  eggs  upon  anything  other  than  water.  Even  with  ( '.  mlllci- 
t<i/is.  under  a  variety  of  condition.-,  we  have  not  been  aide  t<»  in  any 
way  corroborate  Dr.  John  B.  Smith'-  supposition  that  C.  solli 
lay  eggs  upon  marsh  ^ra—.  The  possible  explanation  is  that  the 
of  this  species  are  frequently  left  high  and  <!r\  by  the  receding  or 
evaporation  of  the  water  upon  which  they  arc  deposited. 

SOME    OBSERVATIONS    UPON    TWO    SPECIES   OF    PSOBOPHORA. 

The  summer  of  L 902  produced  many  unusual  conditions  for  the  devel- 
opment of  those  aquatic  insects  that  are  dependent  upon  small  ponds 
or  pools  for  their  perpetuation,  and  also  gave  adequate  opportunity 
for  the  study  of  the  adaptability  of  such  form-  in  overcoming  what 
are  regarded  a>  unfavorable  environments.  Certain  sylvan  mosqui- 
toe-  were  observed  to  become  very  numerous  in  a  few  da\  -  after  heavy 
showers,  even  though  a  drought  of  three  month-  prevailed  previous  to 
the  rains.  Prominent  among  the  mosquitoes  observed  were  two  spe- 
cies of  "gallinipper"  i  Psorophora  ciliata  and  /'.  /><>>/■  The  nat- 
ural conclusion  to  he  drawn  was  that  the  eggs  of  these  species,  a-  well 
as  of  Conchyliates  musteus,  which  was  invariably  found  with  them,  lay 
unhatched  upon  the  ground  during  this  prolonged  dry  spell.  Hence 
several  Psorophora  breeding  places  were  carefully  watched,  and  when 
rain  fell  in  sufficient  quantity  to  lill  the  ponds  under  observation  larvae 
could  always  he  found  a  few  hon;-  after.  Our  investigations  were 
continued.  The  conclusion  was  reached  that  all  of  the  eggs  did  not 
hatch  witli  the  first  rainfall,  hut  that  the  alternation  of  drj  and  wet 
weather  finally  hatched  all  the  eggs  that   had  been  deposited  the  pre- 


92 

vious  season.  In  one  instance  after  the  first  rain  (following  a  three 
months*  dry  spell),  which  occurred  on  Tuesday  at  11  a.  m.,  adults  were 
appearing  from  the  pond  on  the  following  Sunday  at  2  p.  m.  Adults 
were  captured  and  caged  to  secure  the  eggs,  if  possible.  This  we 
succeeded  in  doing.  In  one  case  we  kept  a  P.  howardii  female  thirty- 
eight  days,  during  which  time  she  oviposited  live  times.  Several 
specimens  of  P.  ciliata  and  P.  howardii  were  kept  thirty  to  thirty-two 
days,  with  three  and  four  ovipositions. 

During  the  month  of  August  it  was  not  uncommon  to  have  larva? 
pupate  in  four  days  after  hatching,  and  in  one  case  only  nineteen  hours 
elapsed  after  pupation  before  the  adult  emerged.  In  summer,  how- 
ever, the  normal  pupal  life  is  from  twenty-four  to  thirty-three  hours. 
During  November  the  larval  and  pupal  life  is  more  prolonged.  Eggs 
deposited  in  August  and  September  have  not  hatched  up  to  the  present 
time,  and  are  now  likely  to  remain  in  this  condition  until  next  summer. 

SOME    INSECT    INHABITANTS    OF    THE    STEMS   OF    ELYMTJS 

CANADENSIS. 

By  F.  M.  Webster,  Urbana,  III 

While  stud}dng  the  Isosoma  infesting  the  stems  of  grains  and  grasses 
in  connection  with  some  investigations  carried  out  for  the  Division  of 
Entomology,  under  Dr.  Howard,  I  have  found  EVymus  canadensis^  to 
all  appearances,  unusually  attractive  to  insect  life.  As  will  be  observed 
from  the  accompanying  list,  several  new  forms  have  been  found. 
Another  interesting  feature  of  the  matter  is  that,  though  often  Elym  us 
canadensis  and  E.  virginicus  have  been  found  growing  interjacent,  not 
infrequently  touching  each  other,  }Tet  the  partiality  of  insects  for  the 
former  species  is  strongly  indicated  in  the  list.  Species  marked  with 
a  star  (*)  were  reared  also  from  Elymus  virginicus.  Unless  otherwise 
stated,  the  stems  from  which  the  species  given  was  reared  were  from 
the  vicinity  of  Champaign  and  Urbana,  111. 

Isosoma  sp.     Larvae  living  in  the  stems. 

Isosoma  sp.     Larvse  living  in  cells  in  the  stems. 

Eurytoma  sp.  nov.?    Adults  August  15  to  25. 

*Eupelmus  allynii  French. 

*Merisus  isosomaiis  Riley. 

Homoporus  chalcidephagus  Walsh. 

Catolaccus  sp.? 

Coccophagus  sp.?     Princeton,  Ind. 

* Parapt&romalus   isosomatis  Ashmead   MS.  nov.  gen.  et  sp.      Parasitic  on   the  cell 

inhabiting  Isosoma.     Urbana,  UL,  and  Princeton,  Ind. 
Coccidencyrtus fiavus  Ashmead  MS.  nov.  sp.     Princeton,  Ind. 
*Oligosita   americana   Ashmead   MS.    nov.   sp.      Also  reared   from   same  species  of 

grasses  from  Princeton,  Ind.,  and  in  connection  with  Eurytomocharis  eragrostidis 

Howard,  at  Urbana.     This  is  the  first  time  this  genus    has    been   recorded   in 

America. 


93 


Klasmus  websteri  Ashmead  Ms.  nov.  sp.  I  am  nol  certain  whether  thia  ram.-  from 
the  stems  of  Elymus  canadensis  or  from  wheat  Btubble,  bul  in  either  case  it  ifi  from 
Princeton,  Ind. 

Wanthoencyrtus  nigroclavus  Ashmead  MS.  dov.  gen.  el  -|>.     Princeton,  Ind. 

Klipsocus  sp.?    One  of  the  Psocids. 

fbrda  n.  sp.?  A  root  louse  closely  allied  to  if  do!  identical  with  one  found  also 
about  Urbana,  III.,  on  the  roots  of  cheat,  Bromus  striatum,  in  .Inly. 

wBrachytarsus  alternatus  Say.  <»ne  individual  from  Btems  collected  near  Champaign, 
111. 

wCathartus  advena  Waltl.     This  was  reared  in  considerable  numbers  from  stei 
both  E.  canadensis  and  E.  virginicus  collected  in  various  localities  in  Illinois  and 
Indiana.    Just  what  the  larvae  feed  upon  is  nol  clear,  as  the  Btems  in  all  cases  were 
stripped  of  leaves  and  the  heads  were  invariably  removed,  leaving  only  the  bare 
stems  with,  in  some  cases,  the  enveloping  sheath. 

Besides  the  foregoing  a  Coccid  occurred  quite  commonly  under  the 
Enveloping  sheaths  and  the  larva-  of  some  9pecies  of  Lepidoptera  were 
frequently  to  be  found.  I  tailed  to  rear  the  moth  from  these  larva?, 
but  they  feed  within  the  stems,  nol  infrequently  gnawing  out  the  cen- 
ter of  the  joints  so  that  the  -tern  is  hollow  from  bottom  to  top. 

It  must  be  stated  in  connection  with  this  List  of  the  Insect  inhabitants 
of  this  species  of  grass  that  I  have  made  no  attempt  at  an  exhaustive 
study.  The  prime  object  in  collecting  the  stems  from  several  and 
widely  separated  localities  was  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  species 
of  Isosoma  infesting  them.  Elymus  appears  to  be  unusually  attractive 
to  these  insects,  but  I  have  invariably  found  the  larvae  vastly  more 
numerous  in  /:'.  canadensis  than  in  E.  virginicus.  This  might  afford 
the  basis  for  a  discussion  of  the  question  as  to  which  of  the  two  species 
of  grass  was  the  older:  but,  in  tin'  Language  of  Kipling,  ••that  i- 
another  story/*  I  have  little  doubt  that  a  further  and  more  extended 
research  will  develop  a  still  greater  number  of  insect  inhabitants  of 
this  grass,  and  the  fact  that  the  new  genera  and  species  brought  to 
light  may  be  considered  in  this  case  a-  a  sort  of  by-product  from  the 
study  of  the  Isosoma-.  ought  at  least  give  zest  to  a  further  study  in 
other  Localities. 


SOME  INSECT  NOTES  OF   THE  YEAR. 

By  F.  M.  Webster,  Urbana,  III. 

In  going  about  in  several  States  of  the  Middle  West,  one  of  the 
most  striking  features  of  insect  attack  observed  out  of  the  ordinary 
Was  the  great  number  of  Leaves  of  plant-  and  grasses  that  had  been 
attacked  by  leaf  miner-,  seemingly  for  the  most  part  belonging  i«>  &e\ 
era!  species  of  Diptera,  though,  a-  I  failed  to  rear  anything  but  great 
numbers  of  parasites  from  affected  Leaves,  it  i-  (^'  course  impossible  to 
give  definite  information  relative  to  the  host  insect.  Verbena  plants 
brought  from  Ohio  in  June  and   planted   in  the  open    in  Urbana  were 


94 

so  completely  leaf -mined  as  to  render  them  worthless.     From  leaf- 
mined  blades  of  Panicum  proliferum  I  reared  myriads  of  Pedobius 
websteri  Ashmead,  MS.     The  whitened  tips  of  the  leaves  of  the  Pani 
cum  were  so  numerous  along  the  streets  of  Urbana,  111.,  as  to  render 
them  conspicuous  objects. 

Many  years  ago,  at  Oxford,  Ind. ,  I  reared  Eumetopia  rufipes  Macq. 
from  the  stems  of  Panicum  crus-galli.  The  larvae  were  first  observed 
at  work  in  the  stems  in  June,  others  again  in  August,  the  adults 
appearing  August  13.  The  effect  on  the  stem  of  the  grass  is  much 
like  that  of  Meromyza  americana  on  wheat,  except  that  the  grass  is 
attacked  before  as  well  as  after  heading,  the  attack  being  to  the  upper 
portion  of  the  stem.  I  was  not  then  able  to  get  the  flies  identified, 
and  no  report  was  ever  made  of  the  rearing. 

Ceratomia  catalpae  Edw.  attacks  the  catalpa  trees  in  southern  Indiana 
and  Ohio,  sometimes  completely  defoliating  them.  The  larvae  are 
attacked  by  Tachinid  flies,  and  the  larger  portion  of  them  seemed  to 
have  been  parasitized  in  this  way.  Farmers  about  New  Harmony,  Ind. , 
report  that  the  cuckoo  also  feeds  upon  them. 

Pseudoanthonomus  longulus  Dietz  (?)  was  found  in  the  seed  pods  of 
Menziesia  pilosa,  collected  in  the  vicinit}T  of  Marlinton,  W.  Va., 
probably  in  Jul y. 

Phodobsenus  13-punctatus  111.  was  observed  feeding  on  the  half-ripe 
seeds  of  the  garden  sunflower,  August  16,  1902.  I  had  previously 
reared  the  adult  beetle  from  larva  found  burrowing  in  the  stalk. 

Schizocerus  zabriskei  Ashm. ,  adults  of  which  were  observed  in  Illi- 
nois and  Indiana  in  considerable  numbers,  appeared  to  be  prevented 
from  breeding  in  purslane  through  some  cause  not  clearly  apparent, 
as  it  was  rare  that  the  work  of  the  larvae  was  to  be  found. 

Again,  I  have  witnessed  the  work  of  some  of  our  Coccinellids  in 
terminating  an  outbreak  of  aphides.  In  the  vicinity  of  Princeton, 
Ind.,  late  in  August,  I  found  a  field  of  red  clover  that,  as  was  clearly 
indicated  b}T  the  appearance  of  the  clover  leaves,  had  been  literally 
overrun  with  a  species  of  aphis,  though  there  were  few  of  them  left  at 
the  time  of  my  visit.  There  were,  however,  swarms  of  lad}T  beetles 
and  their  larvae  and  pupae  to  be  found  everywhere.  The  species  most 
numerous  were  HippocLamia  13 -punctata,  PL.  glacialis,  and  II.  parem 
thesis.  The  leaves  of  the  clover  were  stunted,  blackened,  and  curled 
with  the  cast  skins  of  the  aphids  scattered  plentifully  over  them. 

Idoloth/rips  coniferum  Perg.,  both  adult  and  larva,  were  found  among 
steins  of  rye  in  July  and  in  stems  of  Elymus  in  August,  at  Urbana,  111. 

EurytomochaHs  eragrostidis  How.  was  observed  cleaning  its  body. 
To  clean  the  head  and  thorax  the  anterior  pair  of  feet  was  used,  and 
the  motions  made  in  doing  this  can  best  be  illustrated  by  watching  a 
white  rabbit  perform  the  same  operation  to  its  face,  the  quick,  jerky 
motions  being  similar  in  the  case  of  each.     For  cleaning  the  wings 


95 

and  abdomen  the  posterior  pair  of  legs  and  feel  was  used,  the  same 
ludicrous  motions  being  made  in  the  operation.  A.s  illustrating  the 
tenacity  of  life  in  this  species,  an  individual  was  observed  :it  6.30a.  m. 
with  abdomen,  wings,  and  one  posterior  leg  gone,  I x it  it  continued  to 
survive  in  this  badly  crippled  condition  until  9  a.  m.  of  the  same  day. 

Anosia plexippuA  Fab.  certainly  migrated  southward  across  Illinois 
in  swarms  during  September,  Looking  out  from  my  library  window 
in  Urbana,  III.,  at  3  p.  in..  September  L2,  I  saw  hundreds  of  these 
butterflies  winging  their  way  hither  and  yon.  seeming  to  he  gathering 
together  in  the  tree  tops.  The  wind  was  brisk  from  the  northwest, 
temperature  55  F.,  and  the  sun  shining  unobscured.  Light  frost 
during  night  of  L2th,  and  it  was  not  until  about  9  a.  m.  of  the  L3th 
that  the  butterflies  began  to  appear.  They  were,  or  seemed  to  he. 
flying  aimlessly  about,  but  by  10  a.  m.  they  had  all  disappeared,  though 
1  was  unable  to  witness  their  Sfoinff,  on  account  of  other  duties. 
Swarms  of  these  butterflies  were  reported  at  Mi lledgeville,  Carroll 
County,  about  1*><>  miles  to  the  northwest,  on  the  9th,  and.  later,  at 
Hoopston,  to  the  northeast.  The  fact  of  a  migration  was  shown  by 
the  continued  occurrence  of  these  butterflies  in  their  usual  numbers  in 
this  same  locality  during  the  rest  of  the  month. 

Aj>/i!s  i, ,<ilt  Fitch.  Usually,  this  is  not  a  serious  pest  of  the  apple. 
and  in  some  cases  it  is  really  more  of  a  pest  of  the  wheat  field  than  of 
the  orchard.  In  the  State  experiment  orchard  at  Orleans,  in  Indiana, 
late  in  October.  I  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing  just  what  the  pest  was 
capable  of  doing  among  very  young  apple  tree-.  At  that  time  there 
were  but  few  of  tin4  aphis  on  the  young  trees  and  these  few  were 
mostly  confined  to  the  tips  of  the  twigs  where  these  had  not  already 
been  killed.  In  most  cases,  however,  tin1  little  new  growth  that  had 
been  put  forth  was  devoid  of  healthy  leaves,  only  stunted  and  dried 
foliage  and  stems  remaining.  The  rows  of  young  tree-  looked  as 
though  some  one  had  weeks  before  passed  along  with  a  lighted  torch 
and  scorched  them,  killing  the  new  leaves  and  tender  growth  of  twigs. 
Just  what  this  would  mean  in  an  experimental  orchard  of  very  young 
tree-  can  only  be  fully  understood  by  those  who  have  been  engaged  in 
such  work. 

Tiie  Hessian  fly,  notwithstanding  its  abundance  in  volunteer  wheat, 
has  affected  only  tin'  earlier-sown  wheat.  All  over  southern  Indiana 
and  Illinois  there  is  ample  proof  that  September-sown  wheat  invites 
the  attack  of  the  fly,  and  that  wheat  -own  in  these  localities  after  the 
first  week  of  October  will,  a-  a  rule,  suffer  little  from  the  attack  of 
this  pest  in  tin'  fall.  Intelligent  farmers  are  now  watching  the  season 
as  well  as  the  fly,  and  timing  the  it-  sowing  to  tit  these  conditions. 

I  do  not  recall  that  attention  ha-  been  drawn  to  the  fact  that  the  led 
rust  of  wheat  is  much  more  liable  to  attack  fly-infested  plant-  in  the 
fall  than  those  not  thus  affected.     In  the  fall  of  L900  all  earlv-sown 


96 

plats  of  wheat  at  the  Ohio  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  were 
severely  attacked  by  both  Hessian  fly  and  red  rust,  so  much  so  that  the 
station  botanist  called  attention  to  the  occurrence  of  rust  in  the  wheat 
fields  in  the  agricultural  press.  Plats  sown  before  September  25  were 
all  seriousl}r  affected  by  the  rust,  that  sown  on  the  21st  being  much 
more  seriously  injured  than  the  other  plats,  for  the  reason  that,  with 
the  others,  it  was  attacked  by  the  fly,  but  the  rust  coming  at  the 
critical  period  of  its  growth  prevented  the  plants  from  sending  out 
tillers,  and  the  damage  begun  by  the  fly  was  thus  rendered  disastrous 
by  the  rust.  The  present  }Tear,  in  southern  Illinois,  I  also  witnessed 
again  something  of  the  same  sort,  with  this  variation,  however:  Where 
the  wheat  had  been  sown  on  wheat-stubble  lands,  and  sown  early,  the 
young  plants  had  been  attacked  by  the  fly,  and  later  the  damage  had 
been  accentuated  by  the  rust;  and,  singularly  enough,  the  exact  loca- 
tion of  the  shocks  of  the  harvested  grain  of  the  previous  crop  could 
be  clearly  observed  by  the  much  more  reddish  appearance  of  the  young 
growing  grain,  a  fact  that  could  be  observed  at  a  considerable  distance 
away.  In  fact,  a  circular  space  the  area  of  the  old  grain  shock  was 
fairly  browning  under  the  effect  of  the  rust,  which  lessened  in  inten- 
sity from  this  area  outward.  These  brown-yellow  spots  could  be  seen 
regularly  in  rows  across  the  field  as  the  grain  had  been  shocked  at 
harvest. 


MOSQUITOCIDES. 

By  J.  B.  Smith,  New  Brunswick,  X.  J. 

It  is  not  alwa}Ts  possible  at  once  or  entirely  to  abolish  breeding- 
places  for  mosquitoes  and  it  is  highty  desirable  that  we  should  have  at 
command  some  material  or  class  of  materials  that  will  kill  larvae  or 
for  a  time  make  pools  uninhabitable  for  them.  There  is  a  popular 
belief  in  the  effectiveness  of  certain  substances  without  any  real  basis, 
and  " mosquitocides "  in  varying  forms  testily  to  the  interest  which 
dealers  in  patent  nostrums  are  quick  to  discern  in  the  public. 

The  most  readily  available  of  all  the  materials  that  have  been  used 
is  petroleum,  crude  or  partly  or  wholly  refined.  Sprayed  over  the 
surface  of  a  pool,  it  forms  a  film  that  covers  it  completely  and  kills  in 
a  short  time  the  larva?  or  pupse  that  are  compelled  to  try  for  air 
through  it.  In  the  grade  known  as  fuel  oil,  it  forms  a  very  good 
practical  material  where  its  odor  or  its  general  unpleasant  mussiness 
are  not  objectionable.  For  sewer  or  catch  basins  it  is  probably  as 
good  a  thing  as  can  be  used,  and  on  quiet  waters  in  confined  areas 
where  a  thin  film  can  be  maintained,  its  odor  will  scarcely  be  offen- 
sive. On  larger  pools,  open  to  the  winds  or  interrupted  by  grassy  or 
other  vegetation  a  great  deal  of  oil  must  be  used,  or  an  unbroken  film, 
even   if  secured,  will   not  last  long  enough  to  kill  more  than  a  small 


97 

proportion  of  the  larvae.  I  have  several  times  tried  the  oil  on  road 
and  open  meadow  pools  when  there  was  only  a  light  wind  blowing,  to 
find  in  a  few  minutes  all  tin4  oil  film  at  one  side  and  ;i  hit  fair  con- 
gregation of  larva1  at  the  other.  In  grassy  pools  the  tendency  is  for 
the  oil  to  gather  about  the  vegetation,  and  where  there  is  much  floating 
matter  the  spread  of  the  oil  is  materially  hindered  if  not  altogether 
prevented. 

Admitting,  then,  the  very  great  range  of  usefulness  of  the  petrole- 
ums, it  was  deemed  useful  to  make  a  number  of  laboratory  trials  of 
other  substances  to  determine  whether  it  would  not  he  possible  to 
obtain  something  that  would  mix  readily  with  the  water,  making  it 
unfit  for  wrigglers  to  live  in  for  some  considerable  period. 

Materials  for  experimental  purposes  were  senl  in  by  the  Phinotas 
Chemical  Company  of  New  York;  Mr.  F.  B.  Kilmer,  president  of  the 
New  Brunswick  board  of  health,  sent  me  a  supply  of  chloro-naphthahim 
from  the  stock  of  the  board,  a  series  of  other  cresol  preparations,  and 
a  variety  of  disinfectants  from  Johnson  cSc  Johnson.  These  latter 
samples  were  not  of  the  firm's  manufacture,  but.  rather,  from  the  stock 
carried  for  general  use.     Other  things  were  purchased  as  needed. 

The  larvas  and  pupa'  used  for  the  experiment-  were  usually  obtained 
from  a  series  of  pails  kept  partly  tilled  with  water  in  my  garden,  but 
some  were  obtained  from  out-door  pools  within  the  city  limits.  The 
species  was  always  pungens,  with  an  occasional  small  admixture  of 
territans  or  rest/wans,  until  in  August  Anopheles  punctipennis  became 
common  enough  to  be  added. 

PERM  A  KTGANATE  OF  POTASH. 

Six  1-quart  jars  were  used,  each  containing  L 6  ounces  of  water,  in 
which  were  from  50  to  100  larva1,  ranging  from  one-fourth  to  full 
grown.  A  stock  solution  of  permanganate  was  made,  of  which  8  drops 
equaled  1  grain  of  the  crystals. 

Jar  No.  1  received  1  grain;  jar  No.  2  received  2  grain-:  jar  No.  3, 
4  grains;  jar  No.  4.  8  grain-;  jar  No.  5,  L 6  grains,  and  jar  No.  6,32 
grains  of  permanganate. 

In  each  case  the  water  became  at  once  distinctly  discolored,  and 
where  the  larger  amounts  were  used  became  so  deeply  purplish  that 
the  liquid  was  opaque  and  the  wrigglers  could  not  be  seen  except  at 
the  surface.     No  Immediate  effects  were  observable  in  any  jar. 

After  forty-eight  hour-  all  the  larvae  in  jar  No.  1  woe  ye<  alive  and 
active.  In  jar  No.  2  about  20  percent  of  the  larva?  were  alive,  and 
these  were  the  larger  specimens  that  would  have  pupated  shortly.  In 
the  jars  containing  the  stronger  mixtures  all  the  larvae  were  dead,  and 
it  is  fair  to  say  that  for  certain  death  to  the  larva  in  a  reasonable  time 
at  least  4  grains  of  permanganate   would   be    required    in  every  pint 

22170— 03 7 


98 

of  water.  At  this  rate  1  ounce  of  the  permanganate  would  make 
120  pints  or  15  gallons  uninhabitable  for  mosquito  larva?,  at  a  cost  of 
1^  cents  for  material. 

"  MOSQUITOCIDE. " 

Under  this  name  a  preparation,  mostly  permanganate  of  potash, 
was  placed  upon  the  market.  It  was  advertised  to  some  extent,  and 
claims  were  made  which,  if  they  were  only  approximately  true,  would 
solve  the  mosquito  question  at  once  and  for  all  time.  A  small  pinch 
was  supposed  to  rid  an  ordinary  lawn  of  all  insects,  and  5  pounds  would 
keep  an  acre  clear  for  an  entire  season.  So  on  August  9  a  small  lot  of 
larva?  and  pupa?  was  placed  in  four  4-ounee  bottles.  As  the  "pinch" 
was  the  measure  provided  for  in  the  directions  for  use,  I  put ;t  pinches" 
of  varying  quantity  into  the  pottles.  The  resulting  color  ranged  from 
a  rather  clear  red  to  a  deep  opaque  purple.  August  10  the  deepest- 
colored  liquid  was  so  diluted  as  to  make  things  visible,  and  it  was 
found  that,  while  all  the  larva?  were  dead,  all  the  pupa?  were  alive  and 
active. 

A  second  bottle,  in  which  the  liquid  was  just  transparent  enough  to 
see  through,  had  a  few  pupa?  and  quite  a  number  of  full-grown  larva? 
when  the  experiment  began.  August  10  the  hood  over  the  bottle 
was  full  of  adults  and  most  of  the  larva?  had  changed  to  pupa?.  Only 
a  few  larva?  remained,  but  these  were  very  lively.  August  11  adults 
from  the  last  batch  of  pupa?  began  to  make  their  appearance  and  the 
experiment  was  closed. 

In  the  other  bottles  the  larva?  developed  well,  and  apparently  paid 
no  attention  to  the  presence  of  the  permanganate. 

Practical \y  these  permanganate  of  potash  preparations  are  of  no 
value,  and  this  conclusion  agrees  with  that  reached  by  Dr.  L.  O. 
Howard. 

SALT. 

Gulex pwigens  has  not  been  normally  found  in  salt  or  even  brackish 
water,  and  I  do  not  believe  that  the  female  ever  forms  its  egg  boats  on 
such  waters.  It  became  a  matter  of  some  interest,  therefore,  to  deter- 
mine what  effect  the  addition  of  salt  would  have,  and  I  transferred  the 
contents  of  one  of  my  garden  pails  to  a  2-quart  jar  half  rilled  with 
water.  The  range  was  from  egg  boats  to  pupae,  and  after  twenty- 
four  hours  the  water  was  one  mass  of  wrigglers,  most  of  them  small 
or  very  small.  1  added  a  small  handful  of  common  salt,  dropping  it 
through  the  meshes  of  the  bobbinet  hood  until  it  formed  a  layer  at 
the  bottom,  which  dissolved  completely  in  an  hour  or  two.  Fort3T- 
eight  hours  afterwards  no  bad  effects  were  observed,  and  the  larva? 
appeared  to  enjoy  the  salt  water  immensely.  I  doubled  the  amount  of 
salt  previously  used,  and  it  formed  a  layer  over  the  entire  bottom  of 
the  jar  and  did  not  completely  dissolve  for  ten  hours.     Twent3^-four 


99 

hours  later  the  larvae  were  as  lively  as  ever,  there  were  do  dead  speci- 
mens, and  adults  in  some  Dumber  were  in  the  hood.  The  conditions 
were  allowed  to  continue,  until  it  became  certain  that  development 
would  continue  normally,  and  the  experiment  was  then  closed. 

Another  series  of  experiments  was  made  beginning  October  4  with 
"sea  salt"  as  sold  in  drugstores  for  the  bath.  Four  jars  were  used, 
each  with  20  ounces  of  water,  into  each  of  which  was  placed  50  or 
more  larvae  of  all  sizes  and  some  pupa*.  To  jar  No.  1  I  added  one 
thirty-second  of  an  ounce  of  sea  salt.  October  8  this  jar  contained  a 
few  dead  small  larva1.  October  9  larva1  and  pupae  were  both  active 
and  developing  normally.  On  October  1<>  there  was  no  change  and 
the  experiment  was  closed- 

To  jar  No.  2  I  added  one-sixteenth  ounce  of  sea  -alt.  Four  (lay- 
later,  October  8,  there  were  only  a  few  dead  larvae,  hut  L5  adult-  had 
developed  meanwhile.  Nochange  taking  place,  theculturewas  closed 
on  October  10. 

To  jar  \o.  3  I  added  one-eighth  ounce  of  sea  -alt.  October  8,  four 
days  later,  there  were  few  living  larva1  left,  but  there  were  25  adults 
in  the  hood.  Next  day  only  one  live  larva1  remained,  and  on  tin1  loth 
all  were  dead. 

To  jar  No.  i  I  added  three-sixteenths  ounce  of  sea  salt.  Four  days 
later.  October  8,  34  adults  had  issued, and  there  were  yet  a  few  living 
larva1.  On  the  loth  all  save  a  few  full-grown  larvae  were  dead  and 
the  culture  was  closed. 

The  extreme  amount  of  salt  used  was  not  large,  but  the  result  indi- 
cates that  moderate  amount-  of  -alt  placed  in  water  would  have  no 
injurious  effect  upon  the  development  of  this  species. 

NAPHTHALINE. 

Two  jars  were  stocked  with  large  number-  of  larvae,  from  the  young 
just  out  of  the  egg  to  pupae,  in  about  20  ounces  of  water.  Into  jar  No. 
1  I  dropped  one  large  ball  of  naphthaline  and  into  jar  No.  2  I  dropped 
two  balls  of  the  same  material.  I  watched  developments  U>v  a  week'  and 
could  not  find  that  the  larva1  minded  it  in  the  least.  Even  the  small- 
est made  their  way  under  and  around  the  ball-,  feeding  a-  freely  as 
they  did  anywhere  else  in  the  jar. 

There  was  no  real  expectation  that  naphthaline  could  be  profitably 
used  to  destroy  larvae,  but  it  is  used  not  infrequently  as  a  disinfectant, 
and  if  it  had  incidentally  any  effect  in  this  direction  the  fact  would  be 
worth  knowing. 

i.i  mi:. 

Eight  pail-  are  used  in  the  garden  t<>  secure  larval  materia!  I'm- 
experimental  purposes.  They  Were  established  dune  11  and  kept 
under  observation  all  summer;  but  besides  pung<  ru  only  an  occasional 


100 

territans  and  late  in  the  season  some  Anopheles  punctipennis  devel- 
oped. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  season  the  new  pails  seemed  to  offer  no 
attraction  to  the  insects,  while  last  year's  pails,  all  blackened  inside, 
were  always  fully  stocked  from  the  start. 

Into  one  of  these  old  pails  I  dropped  a  small  quantity  of  slaked  lime, 
not  enough  to  make  the  water  milky  or  to  cause  any  obvious  change 
in  its  appearance.  Next  morning  I  found  a  thin  lime  scum  on  the 
surface,  no  living  larvae,  and  two  new  egg  boats,  from  which  no  larvae 
ever  developed.  The  pail  was  open  to  sun  and  rain,  and  a  week  later 
the  lime  coating  was  gone  and  a  new  lot  of  young  larvae  was  observed. 

The  experiment  was  duplicated  in  one  of  the  new  pails,  and  for  over 
a  month  the  pail  had  no  trace  of  larvae.  In  fact,  to  start  it  at  all  I 
washed  it  out  and  added  a  little  garden  soil,  with  a  tuft  of  sod  and  a 
little  torn  grass.  That  proved  effective  at  once,  and  next  morning 
there  were  two  or  three  egg  boats  on  the  surface. 

The  use  of  lime  may  under  some  circumstances  be  very  convenient 
and  effective,  especially  in  foul  pools  on  dumps  and  in  cesspools.  So 
long  as  there  is  enough  to  form  a  scum  no  mosquito  larva,  Ctdex,  or 
Anopheles  can  develop. 

An  incidental  observation  in  this  connection  may  prove  of  interest: 
A  little  keg  that  had  contained  "Calcothion,"  which  is  a  read}T-made 
ime,  salt,  and  sulphur  mixture,  was  left  outdoors  and  became  nearly 
filled  with  rain  water.  After  a  few  dajTs  this  swarmed  with  larvae, 
lwhich  gathered  their  food  from  the  lime-coated  sides  of  the  barrel  and 
reached  the  pupal  stage  before  I  interfered. 

COPPERAS. 

Several  experiments  were  made  with  this  material,  but  the  record 
slips  were  accidentally  destined.  The  result  was  not  encouraging, 
however,  as  very  large  quantities  were  required  to  destroy  the  larvae, 
and  I  did  not  feel  at  all  certain  that  the  larvae  were  not  simply  starved 
out  by  the  destruction  of  their  food  suppry. 

CRUDE   PETROLEUM. 

The  subject  of  the  petroleums  has  already  been  touched  upon  and  is 
introduced  into  this  series  only  to  record  a  small  test  that  was  made 
with  an  old  oil  from  which  the  volatile  parts  had  pretty  well  escaped. 
This  was  dropped  on  the  surface  of  a  pail  of  water  to  test  its  spread- 
ing power,  but  it  remained  persistently  in  globules  and  drops  and  for 
over  an  hour  did  not  change  at  all.  Then  I  stirred  up  the  mixture 
thoroughly,  breaking  up  the  oil  into  fine  globules,  but  yet  it  formed 
no  film  and  killed  only  a  few  larvae.  After  yet  an  hour  1  stirred  up 
the  whole  mixture  once  more,  and  finally,  six  hours  afterwards,  all 


101 

larvae  and  pupae  were  dead.  This  is  a  hint  that  if  crude  oil  is  to  he 
used  it  must  not  be  too  heavy,  but  must  have  light  oils  enough  to  ena- 
ble it  to  spread  thinly  over  the  surface. 

PHINOTAS   OIL. 

This  material  has  been  used  in  a  Dumber  of  places  with  excellent 
success  and  combines  in  a  remarkable  degree  the  water-poisoning 
quality  like  that  of  the  cresol  preparations,  with  the  surface-coating 
effect  of  the  light  mineral  oils.  Dropped  into  water  in  a  coarse  spray 
it  sinks  to  the  bottom  in  globules  which  begin  to  dissolve,  divine;  a 
milky  tinge  to  the  water  around  each.  In  a  short  time  these  globules 
rise  to  the  surface,  burst,  and  a  surface  coating  extend-  in  each  direc- 
tion from  the  center.  The  question  was,  how  little  of  the  material  is 
needed  to  produce  the  effect,  and  to  this  end  a  number  of  experiments 
were  made  at  different  periods  in  the  summer  in  fresh  water  and  in 
salt.     Only  two  laboratory  tests  need  be  referred  to  here. 

I  prepared  a  mother  mixture  of  5  cc  of  phinotas  oil  in  500  cc  of 
water,  the  ratio  being  1  to  100.  Of  this  I  poured  5  cc  into  500  cc 
of  water  containing  mosquito  larva1  of  all  sizes,  the  strength  of  1  to 
10,000.      In  5  minutes  all  were  dead. 

To  another  jar  I  added  3  cc  of  the  mother  mixture  to  .~>nu  w  of 
water  (about  1  part  in  16,000)  and  in  less  than  half  an  hour  all  the 
larvae  were  dead. 

The  limit  of  practical  effectiveness  may  be  safely  set  at  1  pari  to 
15,000  of  water;  that  is,  1  gallon  of  phinotas  oil  will  so  poison  L5,000 
gallons  of  water  as  to  kill  all  mosquito  larva-  there  may  be  in  the 
water.  It  is  doubtful  whether  any  other  material  comes  anywhere 
Hear, this  in  effectiveness.  Furthermore,  the  action  of  the  material  is 
not  affected  by  the  wind.  It  spreads  everywhere  throughout  the 
water,  and  if  the  body  be  confined  it  remains  poisoned  for  week-  unless 
added  to  materially. 

It  would  seem  as  if  we  had  here  the  ideal  mosquito  destroyer,  and 
so  we  have  for  certain  purposes.  In  -ewer  or  catch  basins  or  in  foul 
or  stagnant  pools  it  would  be  almost  impossible  to  find  anything  bet- 
ter.  In  stagnant  gutters  it  is  very  useful,  but  the  oily  surface  scum  is 
objectionable.  Yet  in  every  well  organized  mosquito  campaign  this 
phinotas  oil  would  seem  to  be  indispensable. 

The  objection  to  the  material  is  that  it  i-  too  effective  in  undesired 
directions,  for  it  kills  things  that  it  is  not  desirable  to  Injure  if  possible. 
It  is  quite  probable  that  it  has  been  used  in  altogether  too  Large  quan- 
tities; but  as  used  it  ha-  killed  fish  a-  well  as  other  aquatic  animals 
and  insects,  and  it  has  been  accused  of  killing  chickens  aid  other  ani- 
mals that  drank  of  the  water  impregnated  with  it.  It  is  also  fatal  to 
vegetable  life,  and  any  pond  treated  with  tin-  material  in  Liberal  quan- 
tities would  be  completely  cleared  of  all  animal  and  vegetable  Life,  and 


102 

would  become  an  ideal  mosquito-breeding  place  as  soon  as  the  oil  has 
been  sufficiently  diluted  or  carried  off. 

Personally  I  do  not  like  the  smell  of  petroleum,  although  I  have 
worked  with  and  recommended  its  use  often  enough,  and  I  do  not  like 
the  scum  and  tarry  sediment  on  the  plants  and  borders  of  pool  or  pond. 
Hence;  I  do  not  like  that  feature  of  the  phinotas  oil  that  makes  for  a 
surface  coating.  It  is  not  at  all  necessary  to  help  the  action  of  the 
soluble  portion,  and  it  is  just  as  liable  to  become  imperfect  as  the  fuel 
oil,  which  costs  about  one-fourth  as  much  and  acts  only  from  the 
surface. 

Its  field  is  wherever  it  is  desirable  to  clear  any  liquid  of  mosquito 
larvae  promptly  and  without  regard  to  conseqences.  It  is  quite  pos- 
sible that  some  of  the  objectionable  features  would  disappear  or  become 
materially  lessened  if  no  more  than  enough  to  obtain  the  desired  result 
was  used;  but  I  would  always  advise  against  the  use  of  amr  poisonous 
substance  in  any  body  of  water  that  contains  fish. 

A  limitation  to  the  material  is  that  it  does  not  do  well,  if  at  all,  in 
salt  water.  During  July  I  tried  it  at  Anglesea  in  breeding  jars  and 
in  salt-water  pools  filled  Avith  larvae  of  0.  sollicitans.  In  neither  case  did 
it  produce  the  characteristic  milky  appearance,  although  used  rather 
in  excess,  and  in  the  case  of  the  pools  there  was  none  of  that  surface 
spread  which  is  usually  so  characteristic. 

•  These  salt-water  pools,  treated  at  several  places  along  the  shore, 
proved  rather  unsatisfactory  subjects,  and  usualhT  I  could  find,  twenty- 
four  hours  after  treatment,  nearly  as  many  larvae  as  there  were  the 
day  before. 

Some  of  the  more  promising  materials  were  also  used  on  outdoor 
pools,  but  no  results  different  from  those  of  the  laboratory  were 
obtained. 

UPHINOTAS    DISINFECTANT    20    PER   CENT." 

A  sample  of  material  labeled  as  above  was  reduced  to  a  1  to  100 
stock  solution,  and  two  jars,  each  containing  500  cc  of  water,  were 
stocked  with  larvae  of  Culex  and  Anopheles. 

Jar  No.  1  received  5  cc  of  the  stock  at  4.15  p.  m.,  and  ten  minutes 
later  most  of  the'  Oulex  larvae  were  dead.  At  5.30  p.  m.  all  pupae,  all 
Anopheles  larvae,  and  a  few  full-grown  Culex  larvae  were  yet  alive. 
At  8  a.  m.  next  day  two  Anopheles  larvae  and  some  pupae  were  \Tet 
alive.  At  12  m.  only  pupae  remained  alive,  and  the  record  had  not 
changed  at  4  p.  m.,  when  the  experiment  was  closed. 

Jar  No.  2  received  10  cc  of  the  stock  at  4.15  p.  m.,  and  ten  minutes 
later  nearly  all  Culex  and  the  smaller  Atwpheles  larvae  were  dead.  At 
5.30  p.  m.  one  or  two  Culex  larva1  were  yet  feebly  alive.  At  8  a.  m. 
next  day  several  Anopheles  larva1  and  several  pupa1  were  yet  alive, 
though  all  larvae  were  dead.     No  adults  emerged  in  either  jar. 


103 


.)    PER    CENT 


The  sample  was  reduced  to  the  stock  solution  of  I  to  LOO,  and  a  jar 
with  500  cc  of  water  was  stocked  with  larvae  and  pupae  of  Oulex  and 
Anopheles.  At9.25a.m.  L  added  5  cc  of  the  stock  solution.  At  L0.10 
a.  m.  the  Cute®  larvae  were  dead:  at  L0.30  the  Anopheles  began  to  die, 
and  all  were  dead  at  2  p.  m.  All  pupae  w  ere  yet  alive.  Next  morning 
6  adults  were  found  in  the  hood  and  5  cc  of  the  stock  solution  was 
added,  doubling  the  amount  in  the  water.  Vet  twenty-four  hours 
later  several  adults  were  again  in  the  hood  and  all  the  pupae  were 
alive,  seeming  not  in  the  leas!  discommoded  by  the  disinfectant. 

The  difference  between  the  action  of  the  materia]  on  the  larvae  and 
on  the  pupae  is  most  remarkable  and.  once  the  pupal  stage  was  reached, 
development  seemed  not  in  the  least  interfered  with. 

"PHTNOTAS    MARK    G."  /        "    /  >A~t 

The  sample  was  reduced  to  the  stock  solution  of  1  to  LOO  and  two 
jars  with  500  cc  of  water  were  stocked  with  larva-  and  pupae  of  Ano- 
pheles and  ('"h.r.  At  4.:><>  p.  m.  I  added  5  w  of  the  stock  solution  to 
jar  No.  1,  and  at  4.55  most  Oulex  and  some  An<>]>/i</rs  larvae  were 
dead.  At  5.30  all  Anop heles  were  dead,  but  a  few  Oulex  larvae  were 
yet  alive.  Next  day.  at  8  a.  m.,  a  few  pupae  remained  alive;  at  L2  m. 
every  thine-  was  dead. 

To  jar  No.  2  I  added  10  cc  of  the  stock  solution  at  4.30  p.  m.  At 
4.50  all  Oulex  larvae  were  dead;  at  5.30  only  pupae  remained  alive; 
next  morning  everything  was  dead. 

SOLUBLE   BLAST   FURNACE   OIL. 

I  reduced  the  sample  to  the  stock  1  to  1<><>  mixture  and  stocked  two 
jars,  each  containing  500  cc  of  water,  with  larvae  and  pupae  of  Oulex 
and  Anopheles.  At  3.30  p.  m.  I  added  5  cc  of  the  stock  to  jar  No.  1, 
and  in  twenty  minute-  all  Oulex  larvae  were  dead.  At  1.4<>  p.  m.  all 
the  larva'  were  dead,  and  though  the  pupae  were  alive,  the  adult-  died 
as  they  attempted  to  emerge. 

In  jar    \<>.  'i  I    added    L0   CC   of    the    Stock  at    3.25  p.  m.      All    larva- 

were  dead  in  five  minutes;  hut  at   5.30  some   pupae  were  yet   feebly 
alive. 

Of  the  phinotas  preparations  nothing  is  equal  in  effectiveness  t<>  the 
"  phinotas  oil."  The  other  preparations  mix  fairly  well  with  water, 
form  no  surface  scum,  and  all  impart  a  milky  tinge  to  tin-  water.  The 
proportion  where  :>  cc  of  the  stock  was  used  i-  1  bo  L0,000;  where  1«> 
cc  was  used  is  1  to  5, <"•<». 


104 

This  is  a  cresol  preparation  readily  soluble  in  water,  used  for  disin- 
fecting purposes  b}T  the  New  Brunswick  board  of  health.  It  forms  no 
surface  scum,  and  turns  the  water  milky  when  added  in  any  quantity. 
As  it  was  intended  to  make  a  field  application  to  breeding  pools  within 
a  certain  portion  of  the  city  limits  the  substance  was  tested  a  little 
more  fully  than  some  others;  but  as  the  tests  were  made  in  early  July, 
when  no  Anopheles  larvae  were  available,  only  larvae  and  pupae  of 
Culex  pimgens  were  used. 

The  stock  solution  in  this  case  was  1  to  200,  and  6  jars  each  with  full 
10  ounces  of  water  were  used.  The  larvae  in  each  case  ranged  from 
two  or  three  days  old  to  full  grown,  and  between  50  and  100  were  in 
each  jar. 

Jars  Nos.  1  and  2  each  received  stock  solution  to  make  the  mixture 
1  to  12,800,  and  at  that  dilution  the  water  was  faintly  white  tinged. 
After  twenty  minutes,  50  per  cent  of  the  larvae  were  dead — mostly  the 
smaller  specimens.  After  two  hours,  25  per  cent,  including  all  the 
full-grown  examples,  were  yet  alive,  and  eighteen  hours  later  there 
had  been  practically  no  change,  except  that  some  larvae  had  pupated. 

Jar  No.  3  received  stock  solution  to  make  the  mixture  1  to  6,400, 
and  the  water  was  appreciably  white-tinged.  After  twent}T  minutes 
only  about  10  per  cent  of  the  larvae  were  alive,  and  in  two  hours  only 
pupae  and  a  few  full-grown  larvae  remained  alive.  After  eighteen 
hours  a  few  more  larvae  were  dead,  but  pupae  remained  unaffected. 

Jar  No.  4  received  stock  solution  to  make  the  mixture  1  to  3,200, 
which  rendered  the  water  a  little  translucent.  Though  this  jar  had 
double  the  amount  of  stock  solution  put  into  No.  3,  the  effect  was 
exactly  the  same,  and  at  the  end  of  ten  hours  there  were  quite  as  many 
larvae  and  all  pupae  left  unaffected. 

Jar  No.  5  received  stock  solution  to  make  the  mixture  1  to  1,600, 
and  this  made  a  decidedly  milky,  opaque  liquid,  in  which  all  the  larvae 
were  dead  in  five  minutes.  One  pupae  survived  after  three  hours,  but 
was  so  feeble  that  its  death  was  certain. 

For  practical  work,  mixtures  ranging  between  1  to  1,000  and  1  to 
1,500  will  prove  fatal  to  larval  life — that  is,  to  a  body  of  water  con- 
taining 1,000  gallons  or  thereabouts,  1  gallon  of  chloro-napthalum  must 
be  added  to  kill  all  the  mosquito  larvae  in  it.  At  that  strength  it  is 
also  a  good  disinfectant,  and  its  use  in  gutters  and  on  dumps  is  cleans- 
ing and  the  effects  are  lasting. 

Pools  in  which  mosquitoes  bred  in  the  Sixth  ward,  in  New  Bruns- 
wick, were  twice  treated  during  the  summer  with  this  material  and  in 
each  case  the  larvae  were  killed  off  and  the  pools  remained  free  until 
flooded  by  heavy  rains.  The  effect  on  the  local  mosquito  supply  was 
quite  marked.     The  manner  of  application  was  to  pour  a  gallon  of  the 


105 

disinfectant  into  50  gallons  of  water,  stir  thoroughly  and  apply  to 
pools  and  gutters  with  a  sprinkler.  Sewer  catch  basins  were  not 
treated  because  it  was  not  realized  until  late  in  the  season  how  many 
of  the  insects  bred  in  such  places. 

/       ■    ■ 


This  is  a  preparation  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  much  cheaper, 

and  is  also  used  as  a  disinfectant.  It  dissolves  in  water  in  the  same 
way  and  produces  a  milky  mixture.     Cresol  is  the  active  base. 

Several  mixtures  more  dilute  than  1  to  L0,000  were  tried,  and 
proved  practically  Ineffective.  Larva-  and  pupa'  of  Oulex  pungent 
only  were  used.     The  effective  mixtures  were  as  follows: 

To  jar  No.  1  I  added  from  the  stock  solution  enough  to  make  the 
proportion  1  to  8,000.  An  hour  afterwards  a  few  larva1  and  all  pupae 
were  yet  alive,  but  next  morning  everything  was  dead. 

Jar  No.  2  received  stock  solution  to  make  the  mixture  1  to  4,000, 
and  an  hour  afterwards  all  larvae  and  nearly  all  pupa'  were  dead. 

At  1  to  4,000  this  material  is  as  effective  against  mosquitos  as  the 
chloro-napthalum  is  at  1  to  1,000 — that  is.  four  times  as  effective  at 
one-fourth  the  price.  Its  range  of  usefulness  is  as  for  the  previous 
mixture. 


This  preparation  is  from  the  Barrett  Manufacturing  Company:  i- 
also  soluble  in  water,  and  produces  a  milky  emulsion. 

The  usual  1  to  loo  stock  was  made,  and  .">  <•<•  was  added  to  500  CC  of 
water  containing  larva'  and  pupae  of  Culex  and  Anopheles,  at  L0.40 
a.  m.  An  hour  later  most  of  the  Culex  larvae  were  dead.  At  3.15 
p.  m.  a  few  more  pupa'  were  dead.  Next  day  at  s  a.  m.  no  more  pupa' 
had  died,  and  I  added  10  cc  from  the  stock,  making  the  mixture  1  to 
2,500;   but  at  11  a.  m.  many  pupa'  were  yet  alive. 

The  remarkable  resistance  of  the  pupa'  to  preparations  of  tlii^  char- 
acter is  quite  noticeable,  and  at  1  to  2,500  it  was  not  really  more 
effective  than  at  1  to  5,000. 

"  MILKY    DISINFECT  \vr."  /  ' 

This  is  another  of  the  preparations  of  the  Barretl    Manufacturing 

Company,  and  produces  the  same  milky  emulsion. 
The  usual  1  to  100  stock  was  prepared,  and  at  s  a.  m.  5cc  was  added 

to  50O  CC  of  water  containing  larva'  and  pupa1  of  .  Vnophi  U  8  and  (  '<il, .,-. 
An  hour  later  all  the  larvae  were  dead.  At  L0.30,  as  do  pupae  were 
dying,  I  added  5  cc  from  the  stock  solution.  At  3.  L5  p.  m..  no  change 
being  noted,  I  added  5  CC  additional  from  the  stock,  and  at  5.  15  p.  m. 
a  few  pupae  were  dead.     At  8  a.  m.  of  the  day  following  some  pupae 


106 

were  yet  alive,  but  no  adults  had  issued.     I  added  10  cc  from  the  stock 
and  in  a  few  minutes  all  the  pupae  were  dead. 

In  other  words,  a  mixture  of  1  to  10,000  will  kill  larvae,  but  it 
requires  one  5  times  as  strong  to  kill  pupae. 

"  CRETOL,   HASSLIGER  NO.   1." 

This  is  one  of  the  preparations  sent  me  by  Mr.  F.  B.  Kilmer,  presi- 
dent of  the  New  Brunswick  board  of  health,  and  it  was  tested  on  the 
larvae  and  pupae  of  Culex  pungens  only. 

At  a  dilution  of  1  to  8,000  it  killed  all  the  larvae  in  a  few  minutes 
and  all  the  pupae  in  an  hour. 

J    ~   /  V"^  "  CRETOL,  HASSLIGER   NO.  2." 

This  material  is  not  so  readily  soluble  as  the  No.  1  and  forms  an  oily 
or  tarry  surface  film.  I  made  the  usual  stock  of  1  to  100  and  tried  it 
on  Culex  pungens  only.  I  added  5  cc  of  the  stock  to  500  cc  of  water 
containing  larvae  and  pupae,  and  in  a  few  minutes  all  larvae  were  dead; 
in  half  an  hour  the  pupae  also  had  succumbed. 

Both  of  these  preparations  are  very  fatal  to  pupae  compared  with 
some  of  the  others  previously  reported. 

j^£/-~L?~0  SOLUBLE    CREOSOTE. 

This  also  was  sent  me  by  Mr.  Kilmer.  It  mixed  readily  with  water, 
forming  the  usual  milky  emulsion,  and  was  reduced  to  the  usual 
stock,  1  to  100.  It  was  used  on  Culex  pungens  only  in  jars  containing 
500  cc  of  water. 

To  jar  No.  1  1  added  5  cc  of  stock  at  10.30  a.  m.  At  2.15  p.  m. 
many  larvae  were  yet  alive,  all  pupae  were  active,  and  many  adults 
had  issued.  It  was  only  upon  }Toung  larvae  that  this  mixture  had  amT 
ill  effects. 

To  jar  No.  2  I  added  10  cc  of  stock  at  10.30  a.  m.  At  2.15  p.  m. 
all  larvae  and  some  pupae  were  dead,  while  one  adult  had  emerged. 
No  more  adults  emerged  later,  and  all  pupae  were  dead  next  morning. 
At  1  to  5,000,  therefore,  soluble  creosote  is  a  good  larvicide. 

''CRESOL,  100  PER  CENT." 

This  is  one  of  the  materials  referred  to  as  coming  from  the  stock  of 
Johnson  &  Johnson,  but  is  not  a  product  of  their  manufacture.  All 
their  samples  mixed  readily  with  water,  and  were  purer  grade  mate- 
rials than  any  of  the  preceding. 

I  reduced  the  cresol  to  1  to  100  and  added  5  cc  to  500  cc  of  water 
containing  larvae  and  pupre  of  Culex  pungens.  Eighteen  hours  later 
only  the  small  larvae  were  affected;  some  of  the  mature  larvae  had 


107 

pupated  and  some  of  the  pupae  hud  transformed  to  adults.  I  added 
10  cc  from  the  stock,  but  when,  three  hour-  later,  no  additional  effect 
was  noted,  the  experiment  was  closed. 

'•  PHENOL-8EPTOL." 

The  usual  1  to  LOO  stock  was  prepared  and  5  cc  was  added  to  500  cc 
of  water  containing  larvae  and  pupa1  of  Culex  pungens.  Two  'lays 
later  nothing  had  been  killed  and  many  adult-  had  issued.  I  added 
10  ec  from  the  stock,  and  when,  two  hours  later,  no  added  effect?  were 
noticeable,  added  10  cc  more.  After  waiting  vet  twenty-four  hours 
and  when  nothing  had  been  killed,  I  considered  myself  fairly  entitled 
to  class  this  as  a  harmless  material. 


Thi^  is  one  of  the  materials  entering  into  the  preparation  of  synol 
SOap,  and  it  was  reduced  to  the  usual  stock  solution. 

To  jar  No.  I  was  added  ;>  ec  to  .">'><)  cc  of  water  containing  larvae  and 
pupa1  of  Chdex  j>ii,kj>  us,  at  9.45  a.  m.  At  L2  m.,  no  effect  appearing, 
J  added  L5  cc  of  stock,  which  killed  some  larvae  by  ■>  p.  m. 

To  jar.  No.  2  was  added  10  cc  to  500  ec  of  water  as  above.  At  noon 
no  bad  effects  were  noticeable  on  the  larva-.  At  L.20  p.  m.  I  added 
30  ce  of  stock,  and  at  .*>  p.  m.  only  one  pupa  remained  alive. 

This  is  not  a  reliable  iarvicide,  and  is  as  expensive  as  it  i>  ineffective. 

"sample  ('..   .1.   &  .1." 

Thi>  was  reduced  to  the  usual  stock  of  1  to  LOO,  and  at  8  a.  m.  .">  cc 
was  added  to  500  cc  of  water  containing  larvae  and  pupa'  of  Culex  and 
Anopheles.  At  L0. 30  adults  began  to  issue  and,  as  neither  larvae  nor 
pupa1  seemed  affected,  I  added  5  a-  from  the  stock.  At  1  p.  m. 
nearly  all  Oulex and  some  Anopheles  larvae  were  dead.     Next  morning 

all  pupa'  were  yet  alive  and  several  adults  had  issued.  I  then  added 
•Jo  ee  from  the  stoek.  but  three  hours  late]'  not  even  one  more  pupa 
had  died  and  the  culture  was  closed. 

'•  SAMPLE    I'..    •!.    a-   .1." 

This  was  reduced  to  the  usual  -lock  solution,  1  to  loo.  ami  .'»  ee  was 
added  to  500  <■<•  of  water  containing  Larvae  and  pupae  of  Culex  and 
Anopheles*  No  effect  being  apparent  three  hour-  later,  I  added  ir.ee 
from  the  stock,  which  killed  all  larvae  in  one  and  one  half  hour-. 
Twelve  hours  later  everything  was  dead. 

In  another  jar  I  added  10  C.  C.  of  the  stock,  and  all  siwa  |V\\  mature 
larvae  were  dead  in  five  hour-.  Twenty-four  hour-  later  a  few  of  the 
larvae  and  all  the  pupa'  were  yet  alive. 


108 

It  appears  as  the  result  of  these  experiments  that  there  are  several 
preparations  that  will  serve  both  as  disinfectants  and  larvicides  even 
when  highly  diluted.  In  almost  every  city  and  town  there  are  foul  or 
imperfect  gutters  where  water  lies,  and  sewer  or  other  catch -basins, 
always  containing  water  and  only  flushed  by  occasional  heavy  rains. 
These  could  be  treated  b}7  the  local  boards  of  health  in  their  ordinary 
process  at  very  small  expense.  So  rain  pools  in  vacant  lots  could  be 
temporarily  made  harmless  until  the  owner  had  been  compelled  to 
either  fill  or  drain  them.  Judiciousty  used,  even  a  barrel  of  such 
material  as  "  Puraline "  would  keep  a  large  area  clear  of  breeding 
places,  while  if  an  equal  amount  of  Phinotas  oil  were  added  and  used 
where  it  could  be  safely  done,  the  area  could  be  much  more  than 
doubled.  Cesspools  would  stand  the  same  sort  of  treatment,  but 
cisterns  and  water  barrels  could  not  receive  anything  that  might 
render  them  dangerous  to  life  or  health.  But  these  can  be  reached  in 
an  entirely  different  and  equally  effective  way,  as  is  elsewhere  shown. 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  SALT  MARSH  MOSQUITO  IN  NEW  JERSEY. 

.  By  J.  B.  Smith,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 
[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 


THE  PERIODICAL  CICADA  {Cicada  septendecim  Linn). 

By  J.  B.  Smith,  New  Brunsivick,  N  J. 
[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 


VERNACULAR  NAMES  OF  INSECTS. 
By  Edwin  W.  Doran,  Champaign,  III. 

The  subject  of  vernacular  names  of  insects  has  been  discussed  briefly 
before  this  body  on  two  former  occasions,  but  otherwise  scant  atten- 
tion has  been  given  it  and  the  discussions  mentioned  seem  to  have 
been  barren  of  direct  results.  In  1897  Prof.  C.  P.  Gillette  presented 
a  paper  before  this  association  on  vernacular  names  and  included  in 
his  paper  a  list  of  about  fifty  species  written  in  accordance  with  his 
views.  At  the  next  meeting  of  the  association  the  writer  presented  a 
brief  discussion  of  the  matter  and  suggested  certain  corrections  in 
Professor  Gillette's  list. 

I  know  of  nothing  else  which  has  been  published  on  the  subject 
except  an  article  which  I  published  in  Entomological  News  for  Novem- 
ber, 1902.    The  matter  seems  worth}T  of  further  consideration.     Every 


109 

one  must  have  noticed  the  utter  confusion  which  prevails  among  ento- 
mologists as  to  the  correct  form  in  which  to  write  many  of  the  aames 
of  the  commonest  insects,  especially  as  to  the  proper  compounding  of 
these  names.  Some  writers  seem  to  have  an  antipathy  for  the  little 
character  called  a  hyphen,  and  avoid  the  use  of  it  on  all  occasions. 

Nevertheless  there  isa  place  for  the  hyphen,  and  most  entomologists 
use  it  far  too  sparingly,  while  many  others  use  it  without  due  consid- 
eration of  the  manciples  that  underlie  the  compounding  of  English 
words.  In  the  study  of  this  subject  and  in  the  preparation  of  a  li-t 
of  3,500  of  the  compound  vernacular  aames  of  insects,  I  have  worked 
out  a  system  of  simple  rules,  easy  of  application,  yet  in  accordance 
with  language  principles  and  the  usages  of  the  highest  authorities. 

While  it  is  not  easy  to  present  a  subject  like  this  before  an  audience, 
still  I  think  it  can  be  made  so  plain  that  I  submit  some  rules  and  prin- 
ciples for  guidance  in  the  compounding  of  insect  names,  together  with 
numerous  illustrations  of  their  application. 

"We  may  start  with  this  general  principle,  taken  from  the  Stand- 
ard Dictionary:  "Abnormal  association  of  words  generally  indicates 
unification  in  *>  ns> .  <ni<f  hence  compounding  inform."  From  this 
principle  we  derive  the  following  rules,  the  first  one  being  general, 
the  succeeding  ones  more  specific: 

Write  in  compound  form — 

1.   Any  pair  of  aames  or  words  in  joint  arbitrary  use. 

Examples:  Currant-borer,  leaf-roller,  walking-stick. 

'1.  A  general  name  w^A  with  any  other  name  prefixed  for  specifica- 
tion denoting  ('/)  food-plant.  (I)  host,  or  (r)  prey. 

Examples: 

a.  Food-plant:  Apple-louse,  cabbage-worm,  fruit-worm,  onion- 

thrips,  potato-beetle,  plum-curculio. 
h.  Host:  Dog-flea,  horse-fly,  ox-warble,  turkey-gnat. 

c.  Prey:  Ant-lion,  bee-hawk,  mosquito-hawk. 

3.  A  genera]  name  used  with  any  other  names  prefixed   for  specifi- 
cation denoting  (a)  similarity,  (b)  habit,  (c)  habitat,  (</)  characteristic. 
Example-: 

<i.  Similarity:    Buffalo-gnat,     comma-butterfly,     ichneumon-fly, 

lady-bird,  mole-cricket,  zebra-caterpillar,  walking-stick. 
h.  Habit:  Army-worm,  burying-beetle,  cut-worm,  flea-beetle, 
kissinsr-buff,  measuring- wonn,  migratory-locust,  soldier- 
bug,  saw-fly  '<>r  sawfly),  tent-caterpillar,  tumble-bug,  web- 
worm. 
.  Habitat:  Ground-beetle,  house-fly,  tree-*cricket,  tree-hopper, 
water-boatman. 

d.  Characteristic:  Blister-beetle,   !><>t-tly.  canker-worm,  gall-fly, 

scale-insect. 


110 

4.  A  phrase  consisting  of  an  adjective  and  a  noun  used  as  a  mere 
name  should  be  generally  written  as  one  word. 

Examples:  Bluebottle,  clearwing,  gray  back,  longsting,  orangetip. 

Many  insect  names  are  formed  in  accordance  with  two  or  more 
rules.  Examples:  Apple-tree  tent-caterpiilar  (1,  3b),  nine-spotted 
ladybird  (.1,  3a),  blood-sucking  cone-nose  (3b,  3a),  case-making  clothes- 
moth  (3b,  2a),  East-Indian  meal-moth  (1,  2a),  sooty  corn-root  web- 
worm  (1,  3b). 

As  to  whether  a  compound  name  should  be  written  as  one  word  or 
with  the  h}^phen,  it  is  difficult  to  determine,  as  it  is  difficult  to  con- 
struct definite  rules  for  governing  such  cases.  Old  and  very  familiar 
names  like  ladybird,  cutworm,  and  bedbug  are  generally  written  as 
single  words,  while  newer  words  like  cone-nose  and  kissing-bug  are 
hyphenized;  but  age  and  familiarity  alone  can  not  determine.  Some 
veiy  old  forms  are  still  hyphenized  and  probably  always  will  be,  while 
some  newer  forms  are  written  as  single  words.  Space  will  not  allow 
here  a  full  discussion  of  this  part  of  the  subject. 

There  is  also  a  negative  phase  to  this  question;  that  is.  When  should 
the  parts  of  a  name  not  be  united  %  For  present  purposes  it  is  suf- 
ficient to  give  two  general  principles,  quoted  from  the  Standard 
Dictionary: 

1.  All  words  should  be  separate  when  used  in  regular  grammatical 
construction,  unless  they  are  jointty  applied  in  some  arbitrary  way. 

2.  No  expression  in  the  language  should  ever  be  changed  from  two 
or  more  words  into  one  (either  hyphenized  or  solid)  without  change 
of  sense. 

From  the  preceding  discussion  two  things  ought  to  be  apparent  to 
all:  First.  That  the  subject  is  worthy  of  further  consideration;  and, 
second,  that  in  the  main  the  subject  lends  itself  readily  to  definite  and 
fixed  rules  which  are  based  upon  established  language  principles. 
Moreover,  to  ignore  or  violate  these  rules  and  principles  is  as  great  a 
sin  against  good  usage  as  to  misspell  in  any  other  way,  or  to  trample 
upon  the  laws  of  grammar  and  rhetoric. 

One  reason  for  the  general  lack  of  the  application  of  principles  to 
the  compounding  of  insect  names  is  that  the  whole  subject  of  the  com- 
pounding of  English  words  was  not  reduced  to  a  system  till  one  or 
two  decades  a^'o:  and  those  who  blindly  follow  the  ancient  lack  of  sys- 
tern  of  Webster's  Dictionary,  instead  of  the  more  definite  system  of 
the  Standard,  Century,  or  Murray's  New  English  Dictionary,  are  likely 
still  to  be  a  law  unto  themselves,  but  a  law  founded  upon  no  fixed  prin- 
ciples of  the  English  language. 

The  writer  hopes  further  to  elucidate  the  subject  of  vernacular 
names  by  publishing  an  extensive  list  of  the  names  of  insects  along 
with  a  complete  list  of  the  vernacular  names  of  mammals,  birds,  and 


Ill 

other  groups  of  higher  animals,  together  witli  a  discussion  of  the 
rules  and  principles  which  govern  in  the  formation  of  compound  names 
of  animals. 

In  closing  allow  me  to  suggest  the  appointment  of  ;i  committee  by 
this  body  to  whom  the  whole  subject  of  vernacular  names  of  insects 
shall  be  referred  and  reported  on  one  year  hence. 

NOTES  ON  THE  LARGER  SUGAR-BEET  LEAF-BEETLE. 

i  Monoxia  puncticollis  say. 

By  F.  II.  Chittenden,   Washington,  D.  C. 

Since  the  publication  of  a  note  by  the  writer  in  Bulletin  No.  Is  of 
the  present  series,  page  95,  we  have  obtained  additional  specimens  of 
this  leaf-beetle,  together  with  an  account  of  its  injuries  in  Colorado. 

During  May,  1902,  living  beetles  were  received  with  report  that  the 
species  was  destroying  young  beet  plants  at  Rockyford,  Colo.  Our 
correspondent.  Mr.  W.  K.  Winterhalter,  who  furnished  this  informa- 
tion, stated  May  T  that  where  the  beetles  had  appeared  they  kept  the 
leaves  eaten  down  to  a  stage  where  the  beet  was  unable  to  make  any 
growth.  They  were  most  numerous  on  very  warm,  loose  land,  rich 
in  lime,  and  a  rapid  increase  under  the  then  favorable  climatic  condi- 
tions was  anticipated.  They  were  quite  gregarious,  occurring  "  in 
swarms  like  blister  beetles."  May  '24  our  correspondent  again  sent 
beetles,  with  eggs  and  half-grown  larvae,  stating  that  while  the  beetles 
had  not  done  extensive  damage  they  had  prevented  beet-  from  grow- 
ing in  quite  a  few  fields  through  their  continual  inroads  on  the  foliage. 
In  one  instance  5  acres  had  to  be  replanted.  After  tin1  beets  were 
irrigated  they  grew  more  rapidly  and  thus  kept  ahead  of  the  beetles, 
and  serious  damage  was  apparently  averted  for  that  season. 

The  receipt  of  this  material  enabled  a  study  of  the  egg  and  larva, 
and  the  following  descriptions  of  the  stages,  except  the  pupa,  which 
is  a-  yet  unknown,  are  presented: 

The  eggs  are  rounded  oval,  somewhat  variable  in  form,  but  averag- 
ing  about  0.9mm.  in  length  and  0.7  nun.  in  width.  They  are  strongly 
convex  above  and  moderately  flattened  where  attached  to  leaves.  In 
the  egg  masses  received  there  was  an  average  of  about  20  eggs  in  each 
cluster.  They  were  deposited  closely  together,  a-  shown  in  figure  •">.  A. 
The  color  of  the  individual  egg  is  dull  brownish  gray,  and  the  an -a-  as 
seen  through  a  lens  are  strongly  indicated,  a  septagona]  arrangement 
predominating,  although  hexagons  also  occur.  It  will  he  noted  that 
although  this  species  is  related  to  the  imported  elm  leaf  -beetle  (Galeru- 
ceUa  luteola),  the  eggs  and  their  manner  of  deposit  is  decidedly  differ- 
ent, those  of  the  latter  insect  being  placed  on  end. 


112 


The  larva  (fig.  3,  c,  d)  resembles,  in  general  contour,  both  as  seen 
from  above  and  from  the  side,  that  of  the  elm  leaf-beetle,  but  here  the 
superficial  resemblance  ends,  as  this  species  is  nearly  uniform  dark 
olive  brown  in  color  and  the  piliferous  tubercles  are  rather  pale  }Tel- 
low,  but  strongly  marked.  They  are  arranged  as  shown  in  the  illus- 
tration, those  of  the  anterior  half  of  each  segment  coalescing  near  the 
center.  The  head  is  moderately  shining  black  and  portions  of  the  legs 
are  of  the  same  color.  The  hairs  are  of  two  kinds,  pointed  and  trun- 
cate, and  some  are  pale  and  some  dark  in  color,  all  being  rather  short. 
The  head  is  about  half  as  wide  as  the  first  thoracic  segment  and  the 
body  gradually  tapers  till  the  third  or  fourth  abdominal  segment  when 
it  is  widened,  tapering  again  toward  the  anal  extremity,  the  last 
segment  being  quite  narrow.  The  segmentation  is  strongly  marked, 
the  tubercles  on  the  sides  prominent. 


FIG.  3_ Monoxia  puncticollis :  a,  female  beetle;  b,  eggs;  c,  larva,  dorsal  view;  d,  larva,  lateral  view; 
cf,  claw  of  male;  9,  claw  of  female — all  much  enlarged,  male  and  female  claws  more  enlarged 
(original). 

The  length  in  somewhat  contracted  natural  position  is  about  8.5-9.03 
mm.  and  the  greatest  width  2.8-3.0  mm. 

The  young  larva  when  hatched  measures  about  1.5  mm,  and  differs 
from  the  mature  form  in  having  a  more  prominent  head,  dark  brown 
thoracic  shield,  and  in  being  of  a  dull  gray  color,  the  tuberculous 
areas  showing  as  darker  brown.  The  legs  are  more  prominent,  and 
the  hairs  are  relatively  longer. 

Thus  far  injuries  by  this  species  have  been  reported  only  from  Colo- 
rado and  New  Mexico,  and  only  to  sugar  beet.  The  species  as  defined 
by  Horn  includes  four  or  more  varieties.  The  typical  form  is  the  one 
under  consideration.  It  is  one  of  the  larger  ones,  measuring  five  or 
six  sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  length;  is  dull  grayish  brown  in  color, 
with  dull   blackish   stripes   on   the   elytra,  present  in  all  individuals 


1  1 3 

examined  near  the  exterior  margin,  while  other-  -how  indication  of 
more  or  less  striation  near  the  sutures,  as  shown  in  figure  3  a.  The 
species  differs  from  others  of  the  same  genus  in  having  the  fifth  joint 
of  the  antennae  nearly  one-third  shorter  than  the  fourth,  and  usually 
just  perceptibly  shorter  than  the  sixth.''  To  facilitate  further  r< 
nition  of  the  particular  form  under  discussion,  it  should  be  said  that 
the  elytra  are  very  finely  and  densely  punctured,  and  pubescence  is 
scarcely  evident  save  at  the  apices.  The  head  i-  more  coarsely  punc 
tate,  and  the  thorax  still  more  deeply  and  roughly  punctured. 

REMEDIES. 

Unless  remedial  measures  are  instituted,  there  is  probability  of  this 
species  becoming  an  important  enemy  of  sugar-beet  culture  in  the 
United  States.  Paris  green  or  arsenate  of  lead  applied  in  the  form  of 
a  spray  is  all  that  is  necessary  to  destroy  it.  and  where  irrigation  can 
he  practiced  this  enables  the  plants  to  recuperate  from  moderate 
attack. 


SOME  INSECTS  RECENTLY  INJURIOUS  TO  TRUCK  CROPS. 
By  F.  II.  Chittenden'.   Washington,  I).  C. 

The  fall  army  worm  (Zaphygma  frugiperda  S.  &  A.).  Septem- 
ber 8,  1902,  Mr.  L.  Donner.  Seabrook,  S.  C.  sent  a  series  of  this 
species  in  different  stages  of  larval  growth,  with  report  that  some 
time  earlier  it  had  done  considerable  damage,  and  had  virtually  stripped 
asparagus  plants  of  their  foliage  and  eaten  the  skin  oil'  the  stalks. 
His  asparagus  plants  had  been  sprayed  ten  times  with  the  Bordeaux- 
resin  mixture,  beginning  immediately  after  the  crop  and  applying  the 
spray  at  intervals  of  two  weeks  and  after  rains.  Hut  in  spite  of  this 
the  fall  army  worm  ate  the  foliage  (dean,  and  in  some  part-  of  the 
plantation  even  peeled  the  stumps. 

White  grubs  {Lachnostema  sp.). — June  •_'.  L900,  Miss  Eliza  A. 
Blunt.  New  Russia,  N.  Y..  stated  that  white  grub-  did  great  damage 
to  asparagus  as  well  as  grasses.  An  asparagus  bed  that  was  planted 
the  previous  year  with  two-year-old  root-  .">  feet  below  the  surface 
showed  that  the  grubs  worked  at  that  depth,  a-  not  a  sprout  had 
appeared  during  the  season  of  writing. 

The  Southern  leaf-footed  plant-bug  {Leptoglossus  phyllopus 
Linn.). — September  8,   L902,   Mr.   L.    Donner,  Seabrook,  S.  *  ..  sent 

"  It  should  be  statr.l  at  this  i>.»int  that  the  genua  Monoxis  •  1  from  <  ralerti- 

cella,  with  which  it  was  formerly  united,  by  a  Bexaal  character,  which  consists  in 
the  male  having  the  claw>  nearly  bifid;  Bee  fig.  3  ?■     In  Galerucella  both  • 

are  as  shown  at  9  • 


114 

numerous  specimens  of  this  species,  with  information  that  they  were 
very  abundant  on  asparagus  plants  nearly  all  summer.  He  had  also 
found  the  bugs  and  their  young  on  cowpea.  The  same  species  was 
reported  on  asparagus  in  South  Carolina  in  1897  (Bui.  10,  n.  s.,  p.  62). 

A  note  furnished  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Thurow,  Harvester,  Tex.,  is  of 
interest.  May  26,  1900,  he  reported  finding  this  insect  in  consider- 
able abundance  on  Irish  potato  and  that  it  appeared  to  be  "stinging" 
the  plants,  causing  the  parts  attacked  to  wither.  Jury  1  our  corre- 
spondent sent  adults  and  nymphs  in  next  to  the  last  stage,  and  stated 
that  after  the  potatoes  were  dug  up  the  insects  took  to  a  clump  of 
spring  wheat  as  well  as  to  a  large  bush  of  prince's  feather  {Polygonum 
orientate),  which  latter  was  threatened  with  its  life  until  rescued. 
The  potato  is  a  known  food  plant  of  this  plant-bug,  but  wheat  and 
Pol}Tgonum  do  not  appear  to  have  been  previously  observed. 

It  has  been  noticed  by  the  writer  that  this  species  has  the  same 
habit  as  its  congener  L.  oppositus  of  hiding  when  in  the  nymph  stage 
in  the  folded  or  wilting  leaves  of  its  food  plants,  shedding  its  skin 
usually  in  such  sheltered  locations.  A  summary  of  food  and  other 
habits  of  this  species  has  been  given  on  pages  46-48  of  Bulletin  No. 
19  of  this  series. 

The  two-spotted  blister  beetle  (Macrobasis  albida  Say.). — Blis- 
ter beetles  of  several  species  were  prominent  as  vegetable  pests  during 
the  season  and  from  among  the  many  reported  instances  of  injury 
and  attack  to  useful  plants  a  few  examples  of  new  food  habits  that 
have  been  unrecorded  will  be  noticed. 

July  15,  1902,  Mr.  S.  E.  Russell,  Duncan,  Ind.  T.,  reported  that  this 
species  was  eating  garden  vegetables  and  had  devoured  his  stock  of 
sugar  beet  in  a  single  day. 

We  have  many  earlier  records  of  injury  by  this  species  which  do 
not  appear  to  have  been  published.  In  1882  it  was  destructive  to 
tomatoes,  and  also  fed  on  Solarium  eleagnifolium  at  Corpus  Christi,  Tex. 
The  following  year  it  injured  potatoes  at  Gonzales,  Tex.  In  1892  in- 
juries were  noticed  to  potatoes  and  peas  at  Stowell,  Hamilton  County, 
Kans.  In  1896  it  was  troublesome  at  Alice,  Tex.,  where  it  was 
described  b}T  Dr.  J.  D.  Westerveldt,  jr.,  as  a  migratory  species  com- 
ing in  swarms  of  thousands,  remaining  a  few  days,  and  disappearing 
very  quickly.  In  1897  it  was  again  destructive  to  potato  at  Kearney. 
Kans.  The  following  year  it  devoured  the  foliage  of  tomato  at  Fruit- 
land,  Tex.  The  occurrence  of  the  insect  has  also  been  reported  at 
Georgetown,  N.  Mex.,  as  well  as  in  other  localities  in  the  States  that 
have  previously  been  mentioned.  Injury  at  Gonzales,  Tex.,  was  noted 
as  early  as  June  14,  but  the  principal  damage  appears  to  be  accom- 
plished in  that  State  through  the  month  of  July  and  the  first  part  of 
August.     In  Kansas  injury  extends  also  through  the  month  of  August. 


115 

The  blaok-striped  blister  beetle  i  Mdcrobask  atrwittata  Lee.).— 
August  6,  1902,  Mr.  J.  M.  Johnson,  Cottage  Grove,  End.,  reported 
injury  by  this  species  to  tomato  and  cucumber  in  thai  vicinity.  We 
have  an  earlier  note  on  its  occurrence  in  Texas  on  various  plants 
(Insect  Life,  Vol.  IV.  p.  395),  but  with  no  specific  mention  of  the  par- 
ticular plants  affected. 

The  immaculate  blister  beetle  (Macrobasis  immacidata  Say). 
During  June  and  July,  L902,  Mr.  \V.  K.  Winterhalter,  Rockyford, 
Colo.,  reported  the  occurrence  of  this  species  quite  frequently  during 
the  year  on  potato,  tomato,  and  sugar  beet.  July  7  it  was  increasing 
in  alarming  numbers,  and  was  rapidly  doing  away  with  the  potato 
crop.  He  had  tried  without  success  *m  every  possible  way  to  drive 
the  beetles  from  the  fields  in  which  they  were  present  by  thousands. 
They  also  occurred  in  practically  every  beet  patch  in  the  valley,  and 
while  they  did  not  destroy  the  beets,  owing  to  the  rapid  growth  of 
the  plants,  they  were  stripping  them  badly.  A  spray  of  one  pound 
of  Paris  green  and  the  same  of  lime  to  45  gallons  of  water  was  tried 
without  success. 

This  species  has  not  hitherto  been  recorded  as  a  beet  insect.  In 
fact,  little  or  nothing  appears  to  have  been  published  in  regard  to  its 
food  habits.  We  have,  however,  an  earlier  record  of  injury,  received 
duly  17.  1897,  when  it  was  reported  to  be  destroying  beets  as  well  as 
cabbage  and  tomato  in  the  vicinity  of  Coats,  Pratt  County.  Kans. 

The  three-link i>  blister  beetle (Epicauta  lemniscata  Fab.). — Mr. 
P.  J.  Schuur,  Miami.  Fla.,  writing  of  this  species  October  11.  L902, 
stated  that  it  attacked  beets.,  tomato,  eggplant,  turnip,  cabbage,  potato. 
sweet  potato,  and  cowpea,  and  that  it  rejected  onions  and  celery  after 
tasting-  them.  Another  plant,  okra.  was  not  eaten,  because  the  leaves 
were  too  high  for  the  beetles  to  readily  reach.  Low  plants  were  pre- 
ferred, the  beetles  usually  remaining  in  the  shade  during  the  heal  of 
the  day.  Beet  tops  were  the  favorite  food  and  preferred  t<»  other 
vegetable-.  A  number  of  the  food  plants  above  mentioned  have  not 
been  recorded  for  this  species. 

It  seemed  impossible  t<>  drive  the  blister  beetle-,  but  our  corre- 
spondent got  rid  of  them  by  mean-  of  boiling  water.  Another  corre- 
spondent, in  Texas,  reported  success  with  hot  water  a-  a  remedy  for 
the  same  species  in  L892.  Se\  eral  ■■million-"  noticed  on  cut  pea  vines 
disappeared  overnight  while  preparations  were  being  made  for  their 
destruction. 

The    i.kan    blister    beetle  (Epicauta  <-\ll.i.     .Inn.'   L'l. 

1902,  Mr.  C.  W.  Steele,  editor  Florida  Agriculturist,  Switzerland, 
Fla..  wrote  that  this  species  was  \  ery  destructive  to  ornamental  Hibis- 
cus by  eating  the  blossoms,  beginning  tir-t  upon  tie-  anthers  and 
pollen,  and  then  destroying  the  entire  substance  of  the  petals.  As 
many  as  a  dozen  beetle- could  be  picked  from  a  single  flower.  They 
were  also  destroving  blossoms  of  Zephyranthes  and  ( !ooperia. 


116 

This  is  a  common  species  in  the  South  and  a  familiar  object  from 
its  occurrence  on  the  blossoms  of  cotton.  It  is,  however,  not  known 
to  injure  this  last-mentioned  crop. 

Nuttall's  blister  beetle  (Cantharis  nuttalli  Say). — July  21, 
1902,  Prof.  L.  R.  Waldron,  Agricultural  College,  North  Dakota,  sent 
specimens  of  this  beetle,  with  report  that  it  was  injuring  oats  and 
barley  at  Minot,  in  that  State,  and  attacking  plants  about  6  inches 
above  ground. 

The  changa  or  Porto  Rico  mole  cricket  (Scapteriscus  didac- 
tylus  Latr.). — Several  forms  of  crickets,  more  especially  the  large  fos- 
sorial  mole  crickets,  were  prominent  as  garden  pests  during  the  past 
year.     Of  these,  the  above-mentioned  species  (fig.  -1)  was  most  con- 


Fig.  4— Scepter  isms  didactylus:  adult,  somewhat  enlarged  (reengraved). 

spicuous.  It  was  described,  in  fact,  as  by  far  the  most  serious  insect 
pest  that  the  Porto  Rican  agriculturist  had  to  encounter.  January  21, 
1903,  Mr.  S.  W.  Goodyear  wrote  in  regard  to  the  occurrence  of  this 
species  in  Brunswick  and  Glynn  counties,  Ga.  In  that  region  it  was 
commonly  known  as  the  "ground  pupp}T,"  a  somewhat  appropri- 
ate name  considering  its  peculiarly  tawny,  puppy-like  appearance. 
These  insects  burrow  into  the  earth  and  are  quite  destructive  to  differ 
ent  forms  of  vegetation,  and  especially  to  cabbage,  collard.  and  kin- 
dred cruciferous  plants.  They  were  unknown  in  that  vicinity  until 
about  1899,  but  since  then  they  had  caused  all  who  raised  vegetables 
much  annoyance  and  considerable  loss  of  money. 

This  appears  to  be  the  first  report  of  this  species  doing  damage  to 
useful  plants  in  the  United  States;  indeed  we  have  at  present  no  avail- 
able record  of  the  insect's  previous  occurrence  in  the  State  of  Georgia. 

This  mole  cricket  has  been  given  considerable  attention  during  the 
past  year  by  Mr.  O.  W.  Barrett,  entomologist  and  botanist  of  the 


117 

Porto  Rico  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  and  a  20-page  publica- 
tion has  been  issued  as  Bulletin  No.  2  of  that  station,  in  which  various 
remedies  arc  duly  recommended  and  discussed.  Like  others  of  its 
kind,  it  is  subterranean  and  nocturnal,  feeds  largely  on  the  roots  of 
plants,  and  extends  it-  depredations  over  the  entire  year. 

K.s  to  remedies,  (dean  cultivation,  "hilling  up,"  winter  and  spring 
plowing,  trap  lights,  and  poisoned  baits  are  the  best  that  arc  recom- 
mended. Mi-.  Barrett's  bulletin  can  l>c  obtained  by  application  to  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture,  and  it  i-  not  necessary  to  make  further 
mention  of  remedies  here. 

The  southern  short-winged  mole  cricket  {Scapteriscus  abbrevi- 
<if>is  Scud.). — During  November  and  December,  L902,  we  had  cor- 
respondence in  regard  to  this  specie-  with  Mr.  J.  A.  McCrory,  Miami. 
Ida.      It   was  described  as  eating  ail   fruit-  that   fall   to  or  touch  the 


Fig.  b.—Scapteriacu8  abbreviatus;  a,  winged  adult,  dorsal  view:  h.  same,  lateral  view;  <■.  young  nymph: 
<i.  oldei  nymph — somewhat  enlarged  (original). 

earth,  and  injuring  all  kinds  of  vegetables  as  well  as  seeds,  including 
Irish  potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  beans,  and  tomatoes;  also  ;i-  eating 
dried  blood  and  ground  bone  in  commercial  fertilizer.  Whole  fields 
of  tomatoes  were  devastated,  and  the  insect  even  gnawed  the  root-  of 
orange  trees.  Young  tomato  plants  were  gnawed  off  as  fast  as  set 
out,  and  the  insects  were  described  a<  working  up  the  earth  like  thou- 
sands of  chickens  scratching  it.  Injury  began  when  the  crickets  were 
"no  larger  than  a  flea."  They  were  more  numerous  along  the  Miami 
River  and  more  or  less  scattered  over  the  southern  portion  of  hade 
County,  and  were  multiplying  rapidly.  Our  correspondent  stated 
that  it  was  almost  impossible  t<>  groin  a  crop  of  any  kind  on  account 
of  the  destructiveness  of  this  pest.  Seed  beans  were  devoured  as 
soon  as  they  became  -oft  after  planting.  Of  L00,000  tomato  seeds 
scarcely  one  had  come  up  on  account  of  the  ravages  of  these  insects. 


118 

As  soon  as  a  furrow  was  plowed  and  the  fertilizer  and  seed  distributed, 
the  crickets  started  in  the  furrow  on  a  mission  of  despoliation. 

This  mole  cricket  is  common  to  South  America  and  the  Gulf  region. 
It  was  first  described  by  Scuddera  in  1869  from  Pernambuco,  Brazil. 
From  all  other  species  of  its  genus  that  were  known  at  that  time,  also 
inhabitants  of  South  and  Central  America,  this  is  distinguished  by 
its  very  short  tegmina  or  outer  wings,  hence  the  name  abbreviatus. 
Its  general  appearance  is  shown,  enlarged,  at  figure  5,  a,  1>,  for  com- 
parison with  the  Porto  Rico  form  (fig.  4).  It  is  one  of  the  darker 
species,  the  thorax  being  brownish  fuscous  and  ornamented  with  paler 
fulvous  about  as  shown  in  the  illustration.  It  is  somewhat  variable 
in  length,  but  appears  to  average  about  an  inch. 

As  to  remedies,  it  seems  probable  that  those  which  have  been  found 
most  successful  against  the  Porto  Rican  mole  cricket  are  applicable, 
with  the  possible  exception  of  lights,  as  the  short- winged  species  is 
incapable  of  flight.  A  mixture  of  cotton-seed  meal  and  Paris  green 
was  tried  by  Mr.  McCrory,  which  checked  the  insects  somewhat  but 
not  sufficiently  to  stop  their  depredations. 

The  minute  false  chinch  bug  {Nysius  minutus  Uhl.) — July  12, 
1902,  Mr.  W.  K.  Winterhalter,  Rockyford,  Colo.,  wrote  that  this 
species  destroyed  almost  half  of  the  beet-seed  crop  of  the  com- 
pany of  which  he  is  agricultural  superintendent,  during  1901;  the 
injury  being  accomplished  by  the  insect  sapping  the  green  seed,  which 
in  consequence  dried  up  and  became  black  before  inaturny.  In  1902 
this  same  pest  bred  in  seed-beet  fields,  but  the  precaution  had  been 
taken  of  planting  a  few  rounds  of  yellow  mustard  as  a  trap  crop, 
which  proved  excellent,  as  all  of  the  bugs  lived  on  the  mustard  until 
it  was  entirely  gone.  After  this,  however,  they  turned  to  the  beet 
seed,  and  at  the  time  of  writing  were  doing  tremendous  damage.  The 
only  drawback  to  the  mustard  is  that  it  becomes  a  weed  as  soon  as  the 
seed  drops  on  the  ground. 

Mr.  D.  Y.  Burrell,  of  the  same  locality,  reported  similar  injury  due 
to  this  insect,  stating  that  it  was  found  in  large  numbers  the  previous 
season  on  table  beets  grown  for  seed;  but  after  flooding  the  part  that 
was  attacked  thoroughly,  and  repeating  in  two  da}Ts,  he  found  that  all 
the  insects  left  the  field. 

A  NEW  PLANT-BUG  ENEMY   TO   TOMATO  AND  LETTUCE. —September  6, 

1900,  Mr.  Samuel  Cliff,  Creston,  Cal.,  sent  specimens  of  a  plant-bug, 
Corizus  hyalinus  Fab. ,  in  different  stages,  with  report  that  the  insect 
was  very  destructive  to  tomato  and  lettuce  in  that  vicinity.  The 
material  received  included  samples  of  the  tomato  plants  that  had 
been  killed  down  and  leaves  of  lettuce-seed  stalk  that  the  insects  were 
working  upon.     There  is  little  doubt  that  our  correspondent  is  correct 

a  Revision  of  the  large,  stylated,  fossorial  crickets,  1st  Memoir  Peabody  Academy 
of  Science,  Salem,  Mass.,  pp.  14,  15,  PL  I,  figs.  8-20. 


119 

in  his  conclusions  that  this  species  is  injurious,  although  on  one  occa- 
sion C.  hyalinvs  was  mentioned*  "among  predaceous  insects"  as  nat- 
ural enemies  of  the  tinted  scale  (Icerya purchasi), 

A   PLANT-BUG    ATTACKING    TURNIP,    MUSTARD,  AND    SWEET    POTATO. 

December  1.   L902,  Mr.   V.  W.  Thurow,  Harvester,  Tex.,  sent   num- 
bers of  adults  and  nymphs  of  N<  za/ra  viridvla  Linn,  found  attacking 
turnip  tops  and  mustard  greens,  killing  some  plants  or  causing  their 
leaves  to  turn  yellow.     The  same  bug 
was  stated  to  attack  sweet  potato. 
A  MEALY-BUGON  PEANUTS.       ><>  few 

insects  are  known  as  enemies  of  the 
"goober,"  or  peanut,  that  the  follow- 
ing note  on  the  occurrence  of  Dacty- 
lopius  sp.  on  that  esculent  is  of  inter- 
est. September  20,  L902,  Mr.  W.  T. 
Hubbell,  Philo,  Ohio,  sent  specimens 
of  peanuts  taken  from  hills  which 
were  more  or  less  withered  when 
pulled  up.  He  found  a  great  many 
with  cottony  patches  where  this  mealy- 
bug had  developed.  At  this  time 
most  of  the  insects  had  disappeared. 
Some  of  the  larger  nuts  were  dis- 
colored, and  our  correspondent  stated 
that  some  were  so  badly  infested  as 
to  rot. 

Idle     SMALLEB     CORN     STALK-BORER 

(Alasmopalpus  lignosellvs  Zell.). — 
August  30,  L902,  Mr.  W.  D.  Hunter, 
Victoria,  Tex.,  sent  larva'  of  this 
species,  as  also  numerous  stems  of 
black-eyed  cowpea  which  had  beeo 
killed  by  it.  The  insect  was  infest- 
ing a  Held  of  '2  acres,  and  at  that  time 
fully  '1  per  cent  of  the  plant-  had 
been  killed,  with  the  prospect  that 
others  would  die  shortly.  September 
9,  L902,  Hon.  (i.  \Y.  Koiner.  com- 
missioner of  agriculture  of  Virginia,  Richmond.  \'a..  -cut  speci- 
mens of  the  Larvae  in  cowpea.  with  report  that  it  was  damaging 
the  cowpea  crop  in  Spottsylvania  County,  around  Fredericksburg. 
Thr  species  has  been  observed  in  both  State-  in  earlier  years,  but  this 
isthe  first  instance  of  injury   in  either.     A  genera]  account  of   it  U 


Pig,  (..—Work  i  if  larva  of   I 
lignotettus  on  cowpea— reduced   original  . 


a     [used  Life,  Vol.  I.  p.  L30. 


120 

given  in  Bulletin  No.  23,  (n.  s.).     The  method  of  work  of  the  larvae 
in  cowpea  is  shown  in  figure  6. 

The  strawberry  weevil  (Anthononms  signatus  §&y). — This,  our 
most  pernicious  strawberry  pest,  has  continued  to  make  destructive 
appearances  in  States  not  previously  known  to  have  been  injuriously 
infested.  April  15,  1902,  Mr.  T.  M.  Emerson,  Wilmington,  N.  C, 
reported  the  occurrence  of  this  insect  in  that  vicinity,  where  it  had 
made  its  first  appearance  two  or  three  }Tears  previously.  April  27, 
Mr.  D.  B.  Faison,  Baltic,  N.  C,  stated  that  this  weevil  did  great  dam- 
age in  the  eastern  portion  of  that  State.  May  9  Mr.  Ed.  C.  Sappen- 
field,  B}rrneville,  Ind.,  reported  considerable  damage  in  that  locality. 
Injury  was  noted  at  Rose  Hill,  N.  C,  by  Mrs.  F.  L.  Johnson,  in  a 
letter  dated  May  26.  December  2  Mr.  Ernest  Walker  reported  con- 
siderable damage  in  the  vicinity  of  Van  Buren,  Ark.  In  some  instances 
specimens  of  the  insect  and  of  buds  which  it  had  injured  were  received, 
while  in  other  cases  the  description  of  the  character  of  the  injury, 
which  consists  briefly  in  the  puncture  of  the  stalk  bearing  the  straw- 
berry bud  by  a  minute  snout-beetle  and  the  dropping  of  the  buds, left 
no  doubt  as  to  the  author  of  the  attack. 


REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  RESOLUTIONS. 

The  report  of  the  committee  on  resolutions  was  next  called  for, 
which  is  as  follows: 

Resolved  by  the  Association  of  Economic  Entomologists,  That  we  appreciate  most  fully 
the  past  favors  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  in  publishing  the  proceedings  of  the 
association,  and  respectfully  request  that  the  proceedings  of  the  present  meetings  be 
published  as  heretofore. 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  the  association  be  tendered  to  the  Columbian  Uni- 
versity for  the  courtesy  extended  in  the  use  of  their  building. 

Resolved,  That  our  thanks  be  extended  to  the  local  committee  on  arrangements  for 
their  successful  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  meeting. 

Resolved,  That  we  hereby  testify  to  our  appreciation  of  the  hospitality  of  the 
Entomological  Society  of  Washington. 

Resolved,  That  our  thanks  are  due  and  hereby  extended  to  the  Cosmos  Club  for 
their  courtesy  in  entertaining  members  of  the  association. 

Resolved,  That  we  hereby  acknowledge  our  indebtedness  to  the  various  members 
of  the  association  who  have  contributed  so  largely  by  their  papers  to  the  success  of 
the  meeting. 

F.  L.  Washburn. 
August  Busck. 
W.  E.  Rumsey. 

It  was  moved  and  seconded  that  this  report  be  adopted,  and  the 
motion  prevailed. 


121 

The  committee  on  nominations  made  the  following  report: 

For  president,  Trot.  M.  V.  Slingerland,  [thaca,  N.  V.:  for  vice-president,  Prof. 
0.  M.  Weed,  Durham,  N.  II.;  for  Becond  vice-president,  Dr.  Henry  skinner.  Phila 
delphia,  Pa.:  for  secretary-treasurer,  Prof.  A.  F.  Burgess,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

To  represent  the  Association  of  Economic  Entomologists  at  the  meetings  of  the 
council  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science:  Dr.  Jamee 
Fletcher,  Ottawa,  Canada;   Dr.  I-:.  P.  Felt,  Albany,  N.  V. 

A.  P.  Hopkins, 
1 1.  T.  I'i:k\  M.D. 
A.    N.  <  '  kUDELL, 

<  'nui  in  ill,  i  . 

l/pon  motion  of  Mr.  Weed,  it  was  decided  to  hold  the  aexl  meeting 
in  connection  with  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  as  heretofore. 

Just  before  adjourning,  Mr.  Hopkins  made  the  suggestion  thai  the 
old  Entomological  Club  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science  should  be  resurrected.  This  subject  was  discussed  at 
some  length,  and  it  was  decided  to  have  a  meeting  of  the  entomologists 
some  time  during  the  following  week,  to  give  the  matter  proper 
consideration. 

There  being  no  further  business  to  transact,  the  association  adjourned. 

A.   L.  QUAINTANCE,   S,  <r,  t,i  ,-ij  . 


LIST    OF    MEMBERS    OF    THE    ASSOCIATION    OF    ECONOMIC    ENTO- 

MOLOGISTS. 

ACTIVE  MEMBERS. 

Aldrich,  J.  M.s  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Moscow,  Idaho. 

Alwood,  William  P..  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Blacksburg,  Va, 

Ashmead,  William  II.,  U.  S.  National  Museum, Washington,  P.  ('. 

Baker,  C.  F..  Stanford  University,  Cal. 

Ball,  E.  I).,  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Logan,  Utah. 

Banks,  C.  8.,  Bacolpd,  NegrOS,  Philippine  Islands. 

Banks,  Nathan,  CJ.  s.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D 

Bethune,  C.  J.  S.,  500  Dufferin  avenue,  London,  Ontario.  Canada. 

Bogue,  E.  1-:..  Agricultural  College,  Mich. 

Britton,  W.  E.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Bruner,  Lawrence,  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Lincoln,  Nebr. 

Burgess,  Albert  F.,  state  Department  of  Agriculture,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Busck,  August,  U.  s.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  P.  ('. 

Caudell,  A.  N..  I'.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  P.  C. 

Chambliss,  ('.  E.,  Clemson  College,  S.  C. 

Chittenden.  F.  II.,  V.  s.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C 

Clifton.  Richard,  P.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  P.  C. 

Coekerell,  T.  P.  A..  East  Las  Vegas,  X.  Mex. 

Comstock,  J.  II.,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca.  X.  Y. 

Cook,  A.  J..  Pomona  College,  Claremont,  Cal. 

(o,, lev,  R.  A..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  P.o/.eman.  Mont. 

Coquillett.  I).  W.,  P.  s.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  P.  C. 


122 

Cordley,  A.  B.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Corvallis,  Oreg. 

Dyar,  H.  G.,  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Ehrhorn,  E.  M.,  Mountain  view,  Cal. 

Felt,  E.  P.,  Geologic  Hall,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Fernald,  C.  H. ,  Agricultural  College,  Amherst,  Mass. 

Fernald,  H.  T.,  Agricultural  College,  Amherst,  Mass. 

Fiske,  W.  F.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Fletcher,  James,  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Forbes,  S.  A.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Fowler,  Carroll,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

Garman,  H.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Lexington,  Ky. 

Gibson,  Arthur,  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Gillette,  C.  P.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Fort  Collins,  Colo. 

Gossard,  H.  A.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Lake  City,  Fla. 

Gregson,  P.  B.,  Blackfolds,  Alberta,  North- West  Territory. 

Hart,  C.  A.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Hargitt,  C.  W.,  Syracuse  University,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Heideman,  Otto,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Hillman,  F.  H.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Hinds,  W.  E.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Hine,  J.  S. ,  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Holland,  Dr.  W.  J.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Hopkins,  A.  D.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Howard,  L.  0. ,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Hunter,  S.  J. ,  University  of  Kansas,  Lawrence,  Kans. 

Hunter,  W.  D.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Kellogg,  Vernon  L.,  Stanford  University,  Cal. 

Kincaid,  Trevor,  University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Wash. 

Kirkland,  A.  H.,  Maiden,  Mass. 

Kotinsky,  J.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Lochhead,  William,  Guelph,  Ontario. 

Lowe,  V.  H.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Geneva,  N.  Y. 

Marlatt,  C.  L.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

McCarthy,  Gerald,  care  of  Crop  Pest  Commission,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Morgan,  H.  A.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Baton  Rouge,  La. 

Newell,  Wilmon,  College  Station,  Tex. 

Osborn,  Herbert,  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Pergande,  Th.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Perkins,  G.  H.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Burlington,  Vt. 

Pettit,  R.  H.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Agricultural  College,  Mich. 

Phillips,  J.  L.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Blacksburg,  Ya. 

Popenoe,  E.  A.,  R.  F.  D.  No.  6,  Topeka,  Kans. 

Pratt,  F.  C,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Quaintance,  A.  L.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Collegepark,  Md. 

Rumsey,  W.  E.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Morgantown,  W.  Ya. 

Sanderson,  E.  Dwight,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  College  Station,  Tex. 

Saunders,  William,  Dundas  street,  London,  Ontario,  Canada. 

Schwarz,  E.  A.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Scott,  W.  M.,  Capitol  building,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Sherman,  Franklin,  jr.,  care  of  Crop  Pest  Commission,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Simpson,  C.  B.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Sirrine,  F.  A.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Jamaica,  N.  Y. 

Skinner,  Henry,  719  North  Twentieth  street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Slingerland,  M.  V.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 


L23 

Smith,  J.  B.,  Agricultural  Experimenl  Station,  New  Brunswick,  N.  .1 

Stedman,  .J.  M.,  Agricultural  Experimenl  station,  Columbia,  Mo. 

Bummers,  II.  E.,  Agricultural  Experimenl  station.  Ames,  Iowa. 

Titus,  E.  G.,  LTrbana,  III. 

Walker.  ( '.   M.,  Albany,   \.  V. 

Washburn,  F.  L.,  St.  Anthony  Park,  Minn. 

Webster,  I".  M.,  University^  of  [llinois,  Urbana,  III. 

Weed,  C.  M.,  Agricultural  Experimenl  Station,  Durham,  X.  II. 

Wilcox,  E.  V.,  V.  s.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  0. 

Woodworth,  C.  W.,  Agricultural  Experimenl  Station,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

ASSOCIATE  MEMBERS 

A. lam.  M.  F.,  City  Bank  Building,  Buffalo,  X.  V. 

Barlx-r.  II.  S.,  CJ.  S.  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  ('. 

Beckwith,  II.  M.,  Elmira,  X.  Y. 

Imllard,  W.  S.,  301  Lafayette  street,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Burke,  W.  E.,  I'.  s.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Campbell,  J.  P..  Athens.  Ga. 

Collins,  Lewis.  177  Pemsen  street,  Brooklyn.  X.  Y. 

Conradi,  A.  F.,  Durham,  N.  H. 

Currie,  R.  P.,  V.  S.  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Doran,  E.  W.,  Champaign,  111. 

Forbush,  E.  II.,  13  Stanwood  Hall,  Maiden,  Mass. 

Frost,  H.  L.,  21  South  Market  street,  Boston.  Mass. 

Gifford,  John,  Mays  Landing,  X.  J. 

Gould,  H.  P.,  U.  s.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  c. 

Harrington,  W.  H.,  Post-Office  Department,  Ottawa.  Canada. 

Harris,  G.  II..  U.  S.  Department  of- Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Hudson,  G.  H.,  Normal  and  Training  School,  Plattsburg,  X.  Y. 

Johnson,  W.  G.,  52  Lafayette  place.  New  York  City,  X.  Y. 

Fvin.ir,  George  P..   Lawrence.  Ma  —  . 

Mann.  B.  P.,  L918  Sunderland  place,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Martin,  George  W..  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Mosher,  F.  II..  283  Pleasant  street.  Maiden.  Ma—. 

Murtfeldt,  Miss  M.  E.,  Kirkwood,  Mo. 

Niswander,  F.  J.,  lMl'1  Evans  street,  Cheyenne.  Wyo. 

Packard,  A.  S.,  ll">  Angell  Btreet,  Providence,  P.  I. 

Palmer,  K.  M.,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 

Price.  II.  L..  Agricultural  Experimenl  Station,  Blacksburg,  Va. 

Pane,  F.  W.,  Agricultural  Experimenl  Station.  Durham.  X.  II. 

Peed.  E.  P...  Esquimault,  British  Columbia. 

Rolfs,  P.  IP.  Miami,  Fla. 

Smith,  P.  P.  Agricultural  Experiment  station.  Collegepark,  Md. 

Snow.  F.  II.,  University  of  Kansas,  Lawrence,  Fans. 

Southwick,   E.   I...  Arsenal  Building,  Central  Park,  New  York.  X.   Y. 

Southwick,  J.  M..  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Providence.  P.  I. 

Stimson,  James,  Watsonville,  Cal. 

8ymons,  T.  P...  Agricultural  Experimenl  station.  Collegepark,  Md. 

Thaxter,  Poland.  3  Scott  Btreet,  Cambridge,  Ma—. 

Tourney,  .1.  W.,  Vale  Foresi  School,  New  Haven.  Conn. 

Townsend,  C.  IP  T..  El  Paso,  Tex. 

Webb,  .P  1...  I     S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D 


UNIVERSITY   OF   FLORIDA 


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124  3  1262  08928  9382 


FOREIGN  MEMBERS. 

Berlese,  Dr.  Antonio,  R.  Scuola  Superiore  di  Agricoltura.  Portici,  Italy. 

Bordage,  Edmond,  Directeur  de  Musee,  St.  Denis,  Reunion. 

Bos,  Dr.  J.  Ritzema,  Willie  Commelin  Scholten,  Amsterdam,  Netherlands. 

Carpenter,  Prof.  George  H.,  Science  and  Art  Museum,  Dublin,  Ireland. 

Cholodkosky,  Prof.  Dr.  N.,  Institut  Forestier,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia. 

Danysz,  J.,  Laboratoire  de  Parasitologic,  Bourse  de  Commerce,  Paris,  France. 

Enock,  Fred,  13  Tufnell  Park  road,  Hollo  way,  London,  N.,  England. 

French,  Charles,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Melbourne,  Australia. 

Froggatt,  W.  W.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

Fuller,  Claude,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Pietermaritzburg,  Natal,  South  Africa 

Giard,  A. ,  14  Rue  Stanislaus,  Paris,  France.  1 

Goding,  F.  W.,  Newcastle,  New  South  Wales. 

Grasby,  W.  C,  Grenfell  street,  Adelaide,  South  Australia.  | 

Green,  E.  E.,  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Punduloya,  Ceylon. 

Helms,  Richard,  136  George  street,  North  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

Horvath,  Dr.  G.,  Musee  Nationale  Hongroise,  Budapest,  Austria-Hungary. 

Jablonowski,  Josef,  Budapest,  Hungary. 

Lampa,  Prof.  Sven,  Statens  Entomologiska  Anstalt,  Albano,  Stockholm,  Sweden. 

Lea,  A.  M.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Hobart,  Tasmania. 

Leonardi,  Gustavo,  Portici,  Italy. 

Lounsbury,  Charles  P.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Cape  Town,  South  Africa. 

Mally,  C.  W.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Cape  Town,  South  Africa. 

Marchal,  Dr.  Paul,  16  Rue  Claude,  Bernard,  Paris,  France. 

Musson,  Charles  T.,  Hawkesbury  Agricultural  College,  Richmond,  New  South  Wales. 

Nawa,  Yasuchi,  Gifu,  Japan. 

Newstead,  Robert,  Grosvenor  Museum,  Chester,  England. 

Peal,  H.  W.,  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta,  India. 

Porchinski,  Prof.  A.,  Ministere  de  1' Agriculture,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia. 

Reed,  E.  C,  Rancagua,  Chile. 

Reuter,  Dr.  Enzio,  Fredriksgatan  45,  Helsingfors,  Finland,  Russia. 

Sajo,  Prof.  Charles,  Godollo-Veresegyhaz,  Austria-Hungary. 

Schoyen,  Prof.  W.  M.,  Zoological  Museum,  Christiania,  Norway. 

Shipley,  Prof.  Arthur  E.,  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  England. 

Tepper,  J.  G.  0.,  Norwood,  South  Australia. 

Theobald,  Frederick  V.,  Wyecourt,  Kent  County,  England. 

Thompson,  Rev.  Edward  H.,  Franklin,  Tasmania. 

Try  on,  H.,  Queensland  Museum,  Brisbane,  Queensland,  Australia. 

Urich,  F.  W.,  Victoria  Institute,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad,  West  Indies. 

Vermorel,  V.,  Villefranche,  Rhone,  France. 

Whitehead,  Charles,  Barming  House,  Maidstone,  Kent,  England.  \ 


o 


